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Cost, Effectiveness, and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles (2015)

Chapter: Appendix V: SI Engine Pathway NRC Estimates Direct Manufacturing Costs Alternative Pathway, Alternative High CR with Exhaust Scavenging, and Alternative EVAS Supercharger

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Previous Chapter: Appendix U: SI Engine Pathway NHTSA Estimates Direct Manufacturing Costs and Total Costs

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Suggested Citation: "Appendix V: SI Engine Pathway NRC Estimates Direct Manufacturing Costs Alternative Pathway, Alternative High CR with Exhaust Scavenging, and Alternative EVAS Supercharger." National Research Council. 2015. Cost, Effectiveness, and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21744.

Appendix V

SI Engine Pathway – NRC Estimates – Direct Manufacturing Costs – Alternative Pathway, Alternative High CR with Exhaust Scavenging, and Alternative EVAS Supercharger

TABLE V.1 Alternative Midsize Car with SI Engine Pathway with High Compression Ratio with Exhaust Scavenging Technology Showing NRC Low Estimates for 2017, 2020, and 2025 (2010 dollars)


Midsize Car with SI Engine Pathway - NRC Low Most Likely Estimates - Direct Manufacturing Costs Alternative Pathway - High CR with Exhaust Scavenging Low Most Likely Cost Estimates Paired with High Most Likely Effectiveness Estimates

Possible Technologies	% FC Reduction (%)	FC Reduction Multiplier	Cumulative FC Reduction Multiplier	FC (gal/100 mi)	Cumulative Percent FC Reduction	Unadjusted Combined (mpg)	2017 Cost Estimates	2020 Cost Estimates	2025 Cost Estimates	2017 Cost/Percent FC ($/%)

Null Vehicle^a		1.000	1.000	3.240	0.0%	30.9
Intake Cam Phasing ICP	2.6%	0.974	0.974	3.156	2.6%	31.7	$37	$35	$31	$14.23
Dual Cam Phasing DCP (vs. ICP)	2.5%	0.975	0.950	3.077	5.0%	32.5^b	$31	$29	$27	$12.40

2008 Example Vehicle

Low Rolling Resistance Tires - 1 ROLL1	1.9%	0.981	0.932	3.018	6.8%	33.1	$5	$5	$5	$2.63
Low Friction Lubricants - 1 LUB1	0.7%	0.993	0.925	2.997	7.5%	33.4	$3	$3	$3	$4.29
6 Speed Automatic Transmission^c 6 SP AT with Improved Internals IATC	1.6%	0.984	0.910	2.949	9.0%	33.9	$37	$34	$31	$23.13
Aero Drag Reduction - 1 AERO1	2.3%	0.977	0.889	2.882	11.1%	34.7	$39	$37	$33	$16.96
Engine Friction Reduction - 1 EFR1	2.6%	0.974	0.866	2.807	13.4%	35.6	$48	$48	$48	$18.46
Improved Accessories - 1 IACC1	1.2%	0.988	0.856	2.773	14.4%	36.1	$71	$69	$60	$59.17
Electric Power Steering EPS	1.3%	0.987	0.845	2.737	15.5%	36.5	$87	$82	$74	$66.92
Mass Reduction - 2.5% MR2.5 (-87.5 lbs)	0.8%	0.992	0.838	2.715	16.2%	36.8	$0	$0	$0	$0.00

2016 Target 36.6 mpg

Discrete Variable Valve Lift DVVL	3.6%	0.964	0.808	2.617	19.2%	38.2	$116	$109	$99	$32.22
Mass Reduction - 2.5%-5.0% MR5-MR2.5 (-87.5 lbs)	0.8%	0.992	0.801	2.596	19.9%	38.5	$0	$0	$0	$0.00
Stoichiometric Gasoline Direct Injection SGDI (Required for TRBDS)	1.5%	0.985	0.789	2.557	21.1%	39.1	$192	$181	$164	$128.00

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Possible Technologies	% FC Reduction (%)	FC Reduction Multiplier	Cumulative FC Reduction Multiplier	FC (gal/100 mi)	Cumulative Percent FC Reduction	Unadjusted Combined (mpg)	2017 Cost Estimates	2020 Cost Estimates	2025 Cost Estimates	2017 Cost/Percent FC ($/%)

High Compression Ratio- Exh Scavenging EXS	6.0%	0.940	0.742	2.404	25.8%	41.6	$250	$250	$250	$41.67
Turbocharging & Downsizing - 1 (I-4 to I-4) TRBDS1 33% DS 18 bar BMEP	8.3%	0.917	0.680	2.204	32.0%	45.4	$288	$271	$245	$34.70
Turbocharging & Downsizing - 2 (I-4 to I-3) TRBDS2 50% DS 24 bar BMEP	3.5%	0.965	0.657	2.127	34.3%	47.0	-$92	-$89	-$82	-$26.29
8 Speed Automatic Transmission^c 8 SP AT	1.7%	0.983	0.645	2.091	35.5%	47.8	$56	$52	$47	$32.94
Shift Optimizer^c SHFTOPT	0.7%	0.993	0.641	2.076	35.9%	48.2	$26	$24	$22	$37.14
Improved Accessories - 2 IAAC2	2.4%	0.976	0.625	2.027	37.5%	49.3	$43	$40	$37	$17.92
Low Rolling Resistance Tires ROLL2	2.0%	0.980	0.613	1.986	38.7%	50.4	$58	$46	$31	$29.00
Aero Drag Reduction - 2 AERO2	2.5%	0.975	0.598	1.936	40.2%	51.6	$117	$110	$100	$46.80
Mass Reduction - 5.0%-10.0% MR10-MR5 (-175 lbs)	4.6%	0.954	0.570	1.847	43.0%	54.1	$154	$151	$151	$33.48
Low Friction Lub - 2 & Engine Friction Red - 2 LUB2_EFR2	1.3%	0.987	0.563	1.823	43.7%	54.8	$51	$51	$51	$39.23

2025 Target 54.2 mpg

Continuously Variable Valve Lift CVVL (vs. DVVL)	1.0%	0.990	0.557	1.805	44.3%	55.4	$58	$55	$49	$58.00
High Efficiency Transmission HEG1 & 2	5.4%	0.946	0.527	1.708	47.3%	58.6	$314	$296	$267	$58.15
Cooled EGR - 1 CEGR1 50% DS 24 bar BMEP	3.5%	0.965	0.509	1.648	49.1%	60.7	$212	$199	$180	$60.57
Cylinder Deactivation DEACD	0.0%	1.000	0.509	1.648	49.1%	60.7
Cooled EGR - 2 (I-3 to I-3) CEGR2 56% DS 27 bar BMEP	1.4%	0.986	0.501	1.625	49.9%	61.5	$364	$343	$310	$260.00

Totals

Relative to Null Vehicle	49.9%	0.501					$2,565	$2,431	$2,233	$51.45
Null Vehicle - 2008 MY Vehicle	5.0%	0.950					$68	$64	$58	$13.51
2008 MY Vehicle - 2016 MY	11.8%	0.882					$290	$278	$254
2017 MY- 2025 MY	32.8%	0.672					$1,259	$1,196	$1,115	$38.34
Beyond 2025 MY	10.9%	0.891					$948	$893	$806	$87.06

^a Null vehicle: I4, DOHC, naturally aspirated, 4 valves/cylinder PFI fixed valve timing and 4 speed AT.

^b An example midsize car in 2008 was 46.64 sq ft and had a fuel economy of 32.5 mpg. Its standard for MY2016 would be 36.6 mpg and for MY2025 would be 54.2 mpg.

^c These technologies have transmission synergies included. Green highlighting indicates a technology order different than the NHTSA pathway, shown in Appendix S.

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TABLE V.2 Alternative Midsize Car with SI Engine Pathway with High Compression Ratio with Exhaust Scavenging Technology Showing NRC High Estimates for 2017, 2020, and 2025 (2010 dollars)


Midsize Car with SI Engine Pathway - NRC High Most Likely Estimates - Direct Manufacturing Costs Alternative Pathway - High CR with Exhaust Scavenging High Most Likely Cost Estimates Paired with Low Most Likely Effectiveness Estimates

Possible Technologies	% FC Reduction (%)	FC Reduction Multiplier	Cumulative FC Reduction Multiplier	FC (gal/100 mi)	Cumulative Percent FC Reduction	Unadjusted Combined (mpg)	2017 Cost Estimates	2020 Cost Estimates	2025 Cost Estimates	2017 Cost/Percent FC ($/%)

Null Vehicle^a		1.000	1.000	3.240	0.0%	30.9
Intake Cam Phasing ICP	2.6%	0.974	0.974	3.156	2.6%	31.7	$43	$41	$36	$16.54
Dual Cam Phasing DCP (vs. ICP)	2.5%	0.975	0.950	3.077	5.0%	32.5^b	$35	$33	$31	$14.00

2008 Example Vehicle

Low Rolling Resistance Tires - 1 ROLL1	1.9%	0.981	0.932	3.018	6.8%	33.1	$5	$5	$5	$2.63
Low Friction Lubricants - 1 LUB1	0.7%	0.993	0.925	2.997	7.5%	33.4	$3	$3	$3	$4.29
6 Speed Automatic Transmission^c 6 SP AT with Improved Internals IATC	1.3%	0.987	0.913	2.958	8.7%	33.8	$37	$34	$31	$28.46
Aero Drag Reduction - 1 AERO1	2.3%	0.977	0.892	2.890	10.8%	34.6	$39	$37	$33	$16.96
Engine Friction Reduction - 1 EFR1	2.6%	0.974	0.869	2.815	13.1%	35.5	$48	$48	$48	$18.46
Improved Accessories - 1 IACC1	1.2%	0.988	0.858	2.781	14.2%	36.0	$71	$67	$60	$59.17
Electric Power Steering EPS	1.3%	0.987	0.847	2.745	15.3%	36.4	$87	$82	$74	$66.92
Mass Reduction - 2.5% MR2.5 (-87.5 lbs)	0.8%	0.992	0.841	2.723	15.9%	36.7	$22	$22	$22	$27.50

2016 Target 36.6 mpg

Discrete Variable Valve Lift DVVL	3.6%	0.964	0.810	2.625	19.0%	38.1	$133	$125	$114	$36.94
Mass Reduction - 2.5%-5.0% MR5-MR2.5 (-87.5 lbs)	0.8%	0.992	0.804	2.604	19.6%	38.4	$66	$66	$66	$82.50
Stoichiometric Gasoline Direct Injection SGDI (Required for TRBDS)	1.5%	0.985	0.792	2.565	20.8%	39.0	$192	$181	$164	$128.00
High Compression Ratio- Exh Scavenging EXS	6.0%	0.940	0.744	2.411	25.6%	41.5	$250	$250	$250	$41.67
Turbocharging & Downsizing - 1 TRBDS1 33% DS 18 bar BMEP	7.7%	0.923	0.687	2.226	31.3%	44.9	$331	$312	$282	$42.99
Turbocharging & Downsizing - 2 TRBDS2 50% DS 24 bar BMEP	3.2%	0.968	0.665	2.154	33.5%	46.4	-$96	-$92	-$86	-$30.00
8 Speed Automatic Transmission^c 8 SP AT	1.3%	0.987	0.656	2.126	34.4%	47.0	$151	$126	$115	$116.15
Shift Optimizer^c SHFTOPT	0.3%	0.997	0.654	2.120	34.6%	47.2	$26	$24	$22	$86.67
Improved Accessories - 2 IAAC2	2.4%	0.976	0.639	2.069	36.1%	48.3	$43	$40	$37	$17.92
Low Rolling Resistance Tires ROLL2	2.0%	0.980	0.626	2.028	37.4%	49.3	$58	$46	$31	$29.00

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Possible Technologies	% FC Reduction (%)	FC Reduction Multiplier	Cumulative FC Reduction Multiplier	FC (gal/100 mi)	Cumulative Percent FC Reduction	Unadjusted Combined (mpg)	2017 Cost Estimates	2020 Cost Estimates	2025 Cost Estimates	2017 Cost/Percent FC ($/%)

Aero Drag Reduction - 2 AERO2	2.5%	0.975	0.610	1.977	39.0%	50.6	$117	$110	$100	$46.80
Mass Reduction - 5%-10% MR10-MR5 (-175 lbs)	4.6%	0.954	0.582	1.886	41.8%	53.0	$325	$322	$315	$70.65
Low Friction Lub - 2 & Engine Friction Red - 2 LUB2_EFR2	1.3%	0.987	0.575	1.862	42.5%	53.7	$51	$51	$51	$39.23
Cooled EGR - 1 CEGR1 50% DS 24 bar BMEP	3.0%	0.970	0.557	1.806	44.3%	55.4	$212	$199	$180	$70.67

2025 Target 54.2 mpg

High Efficiency Transmission HEG1 & 2	4.9%	0.951	0.530	1.717	47.0%	58.2	$314	$296	$267	$64.08
Continuously Variable Valve Lift CVVL (vs. DVVL)	1.0%	0.990	0.525	1.700	47.5%	58.8	$67	$63	$56	$67.00
Cylinder Deactivation DEACD	0.0%	1.000	0.525	1.700	47.5%	58.8
Cooled EGR - 2 CEGR2 56% DS 27 bar BMEP	1.4%	0.986	0.517	1.676	48.3%	59.7	$364	$343	$310	$260.00

Totals

Relative to Null Vehicle	48.3%	0.517					$2,994	$2,834	$2,617	$62.03
Null Vehicle - 2008 MY Vehicle	5.0%	0.950					$78	$74	$67	$15.49
2008 MY Vehicle - 2016 MY	11.5%	0.885					$312	$298	$276
2017 MY- 2025 MY	33.7%	0.663					$1,859	$1,760	$1,641	$55.17
Beyond 2025 MY	7.2%	0.928					$745	$702	$633	$103.92

^a Null vehicle: I4, DOHC, naturally aspirated, 4 valves/cylinder PFI fixed valve timing and 4 speed AT.

^b An example midsize car in 2008 was 46.64 sq ft and had a fuel economy of 32.5 mpg. Its standard for MY2016 would be 36.6 mpg and for MY2025 would be 54.2 mpg.

^c These technologies have transmission synergies included. Green highlighting indicates a technology order different than the NHTSA pathway, shown in Appendix S.

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TABLE V.3 Alternative Midsize Car with SI Engine Pathway with EAVS Supercharger Technology Showing NRC Low Estimates for 2017, 2020, and 2025 (2010 dollars)


Midsize Car with SI Engine Pathway - NRC Low Most Likely Estimates - Direct Manufacturing Costs Alternative Pathway - EAVS Supercharger Low Most Likely Cost Estimates Paired with High Most Likely Effectiveness Estimates

Possible Technologies	% FC Reduction	FC Reduction Multiplier	Cumulative FC Reduction Multiplier	FC (gal/100 mi)	Cumulative Percent FC Reduction	Unadjusted Combined FE (mpg)	2017 Cost Estimates	2020 Cost Estimates	2025 Cost Estimates	2017 Cost/Percent FC ($/%)

Null Vehicle^a		1.000	1.000	3.240	0.0%	30.9
Intake Cam Phasing ICP	2.6%	0.974	0.974	3.156	2.6%	31.7	$37	$35	$31	$14.23
Dual Cam Phasing DCP (vs. ICP)	2.5%	0.975	0.950	3.077	5.0%	32.5^b	$31	$29	$27	$12.40

2008 Example Vehicle

Low Rolling Resistance Tires - 1 ROLL1	1.9%	0.981	0.932	3.018	6.8%	33.1	$5	$5	$5	$2.63
Low Friction Lubricants - 1 LUB1	0.7%	0.993	0.925	2.997	7.5%	33.4	$3	$3	$3	$4.29
6 Speed Automatic Transmission^c 6 SP AT with Improved Internals IATC	1.6%	0.984	0.910	2.949	9.0%	33.9	$37	$34	$31	$23.13
Aero Drag Reduction - 1 AERO1	2.3%	0.977	0.889	2.882	11.1%	34.7	$39	$37	$33	$16.96
Engine Friction Reduction - 1 EFR1	2.6%	0.974	0.866	2.807	13.4%	35.6	$48	$48	$48	$18.46
Electric Power Steering EPS	1.3%	0.987	0.855	2.770	14.5%	36.1	$87	$82	$74	$66.92
Mass Reduction - 2.5% MR2.5 (-87.5 lbs)	0.8%	0.992	0.848	2.748	15.2%	36.4	$0	$0	$0	$0.00
Discrete Variable Valve Lift DVVL	3.6%	0.964	0.818	2.649	18.2%	37.7	$116	$109	$99	$32.22

2016 Target 36.6 mpg

Mass Reduction - 2.5%-5.0% MR5-MR2.5 (-87.5 lbs)	0.8%	0.992	0.811	2.628	18.9%	38.1	$0	$0	$0	$0.00
Stoichiometric Gasoline Direct Injection SGDI (Required for TRBDS)	1.5%	0.985	0.799	2.588	20.1%	38.6	$192	$181	$164	$128.00
EAVS-Supercharger EAVS-SC	26.0%	0.740	0.591	1.915	40.9%	52.2	$1,302	$1,302	$1,302	$50.08
8 Speed Automatic Transmission^c 8 SP AT	1.7%	0.983	0.581	1.883	41.9%	53.1	$56	$52	$47	$32.94
Shift Optimizer^c SHFTOPT	0.7%	0.993	0.577	1.870	42.3%	53.5	$26	$24	$22	$37.14
Low Rolling Resistance Tires ROLL2	2.0%	0.980	0.566	1.832	43.4%	54.6	$58	$46	$31	$29.00

2025 Target 54.2 mpg

Aero Drag Reduction - 2 AERO2	2.5%	0.975	0.551	1.786	44.9%	56.0	$117	$110	$100	$46.80
Mass Reduction - 5.0%-10.0% MR10-MR5 (-175 lbs)	4.6%	0.954	0.526	1.704	47.4%	58.7	$154	$151	$151	$33.48
Low Friction Lub - 2 & Engine Friction Red - 2 LUB2_EFR2	1.3%	0.987	0.519	1.682	48.1%	59.4	$51	$51	$51	$39.23
Continuously Variable Valve Lift CVVL (vs. DVVL)	1.0%	0.990	0.514	1.665	48.6%	60.0	$58	$55	$49	$58.00

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Possible Technologies	% FC Reduction	FC Reduction Multiplier	Cumulative FC Reduction Multiplier	FC (gal/100 mi)	Cumulative Percent FC Reduction	Unadjusted Combined FE (mpg)	2017 Cost Estimates	2020 Cost Estimates	2025 Cost Estimates	2017 Cost/Percent FC ($/%)

High Efficiency Transmission HEG1 & 2	5.4%	0.946	0.486	1.575	51.4%	63.5	$314	$296	$267	$58.15
Cooled EGR - 1 CEGR1 50% DS 24 bar BMEP	3.5%	0.965	0.469	1.520	53.1%	65.8	$212	$199	$180	$60.57
Cylinder Deactivation DEACD	0.0%	1.000	0.469	1.520	53.1%	65.8
Cooled EGR - 2 (I-3 to I-3) CEGR2 56% DS 27 bar BMEP	1.4%	0.986	0.463	1.499	53.7%	66.7	$364	$343	$310	$260.00

Totals

Relative to Null Vehicle	53.7%	0.463					$3,307	$3,192	$3,025	$61.54
Null Vehicle - 2008 MY Vehicle	5.0%	0.950					$68	$64	$58	$13.51
2008 MY Vehicle - 2016 MY	13.9%	0.861					$335	$318	$293
2017 MY- 2025 MY	30.8%	0.692					$1,634	$1,605	$1,566	$53.00
Beyond 2025 MY	18.2%	0.818					$1,270	$1,205	$1,108	$69.81

^a Null vehicle: I4, DOHC, naturally aspirated, 4 valves/cylinder PFI fixed valve timing and 4 speed AT.

^b An example midsize car in 2008 was 46.64 sq ft and had a fuel economy of 32.5 mpg. Its standard for MY2016 would be 36.6 mpg and for MY2025 would be 54.2 mpg.

^c These technologies have transmission synergies included. Green highlighting indicates a technology order different than the NHTSA pathway, shown in Appendix S.

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TABLE V.4 Alternative Midsize Car with SI Engine Pathway with EAVS Supercharger Technology Showing NRC High Estimates for 2017, 2020, and 2025 (2010 dollars)


Midsize Car with SI Engine Pathway - NRC High Most Likely Estimates - Direct Manufacturing Costs Alternative Pathway - EAVS Supercharger High Most Likely Cost Estimates Paired with Low Most Likely Effectiveness Estimates

Possible Technologies	% FC Reduction	FC Reduction Multiplier	Cumulative FC Reduction Multiplier	Fuel Consumption (gal/100 mi)	Cumulative Percent FC Reduction	Unadjusted Combined FE (mpg)	2017 Cost Estimates	2020 Cost Estimates	2025 Cost Estimates	2017 Cost/Percent FC ($/%)

Null Vehicle^a		1.000	1.000	3.240	0.0%	30.9
Intake Cam Phasing ICP	2.6%	0.974	0.974	3.156	2.6%	31.7	$43	$41	$36	$16.54
Dual Cam Phasing DCP (vs. ICP)	2.5%	0.975	0.950	3.077	5.0%	32.5^b	$35	$33	$31	$14.00

2008 Example Vehicle

Low Rolling Resistance Tires - 1 ROLL1	1.9%	0.981	0.932	3.018	6.8%	33.1	$5	$5	$5	$2.63
Low Friction Lubricants - 1 LUB1	0.7%	0.993	0.925	2.997	7.5%	33.4	$3	$3	$3	$4.29
6 Speed Automatic Transmission^c 6 SP AT with Improved Internals IATC	1.3%	0.987	0.913	2.958	8.7%	33.8	$37	$34	$31	$28.46
Aero Drag Reduction - 1 AERO1	2.3%	0.977	0.892	2.890	10.8%	34.6	$39	$37	$33	$16.96
Engine Friction Reduction - 1 EFR1	2.6%	0.974	0.869	2.815	13.1%	35.5	$48	$48	$48	$18.46
Electric Power Steering EPS	1.3%	0.987	0.858	2.779	14.2%	36.0	$87	$82	$74	$66.92
Mass Reduction - 2.5% MR2.5 (-87.5 lbs)	0.8%	0.992	0.851	2.756	14.9%	36.3	$22	$22	$22	$27.50
Discrete Variable Valve Lift DVVL	3.6%	0.964	0.820	2.657	18.0%	37.6	$133	$125	$114	$36.94

2016 Target 36.6 mpg

Mass Reduction - 2.5%-5.0% MR5-MR2.5 (-87.5 lbs)	0.8%	0.992	0.814	2.636	18.6%	37.9	$66	$66	$66	$82.50
Stoichiometric Gasoline Direct Injection SGDI (Required for TRBDS)	1.5%	0.985	0.801	2.596	19.9%	38.5	$192	$181	$164	$128.00
EAVS-Supercharger EAVS-SC	26.0%	0.740	0.593	1.921	40.7%	52.0	$1,302	$1,302	$1,302	$50.08
8 Speed Automatic Transmission^c 8 SP AT	1.3%	0.987	0.585	1.896	41.5%	52.7	$151	$126	$115	$116.15
Shift Optimizer^c SHFTOPT	0.3%	0.997	0.584	1.891	41.6%	52.9	$26	$24	$22	$86.67
Low Rolling Resistance Tires ROLL2	2.0%	0.980	0.572	1.853	42.8%	54.0	$58	$46	$31	$29.00
Aero Drag Reduction - 2 AERO2	2.5%	0.975	0.558	1.806	44.2%	55.4	$117	$110	$100	$46.80

2025 Target 54.2 mpg

Mass Reduction - 5%-10% MR10-MR5 (-175 lbs)	4.6%	0.954	0.532	1.723	46.8%	58.0	$325	$322	$315	$70.65
Low Friction Lub - 2 & Engine Friction Red - 2 LUB2_EFR2	1.3%	0.987	0.525	1.701	47.5%	58.8	$51	$51	$51	$39.23
Cooled EGR - 1 CEGR1 50% DS 24 bar BMEP	3.0%	0.970	0.509	1.650	49.1%	60.6	$212	$199	$180	$70.67
High Efficiency Transmission HEG1 & 2	4.9%	0.951	0.484	1.569	51.6%	63.7	$314	$296	$267	$64.08

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Possible Technologies	% FC Reduction	FC Reduction Multiplier	Cumulative FC Reduction Multiplier	Fuel Consumption (gal/100 mi)	Cumulative Percent FC Reduction	Unadjusted 2017 Combined FE Cost (mpg) Estimates	2020 Cost Estimates	2025 Cost Estimates	2017 Cost/Percent FC ($/%)

Continuously Variable Valve Lift CVVL (vs. DVVL)	1.0%	0.990	0.479	1.553	52.1%	64.4 $67	$63	$56	$67.00
Cylinder Deactivation DEACD	0.0%	1.000	0.479	1.553	52.1%	64.4
Cooled EGR - 2 CEGR2 56% DS 27 bar BMEP	1.4%	0.986	0.473	1.532	52.7%	65.3 $364	$343	$310	$260.00

Totals

Relative to Null Vehicle	52.7%	0.473				$3,697	$3,559	$3,376	$70.12
Null Vehicle - 2008 MY Vehicle	5.0%	0.950				$78	$74	$67	$15.49
2008 MY Vehicle - 2016 MY	13.6%	0.864				$374	$356	$330
2017 MY- 2025 MY	32.0%	0.680				$1,912	$1,855	$1,800	$59.72
Beyond 2025 MY	15.2%	0.848				$1,333	$1,274	$1,179	$87.62

^a Null vehicle: I4, DOHC, naturally aspirated, 4 valves/cylinder PFI fixed valve timing and 4 speed AT.

^b An example midsize car in 2008 was 46.64 sq ft and had a fuel economy of 32.5 mpg. Its standard for MY2016 would be 36.6 mpg and for MY2025 would be 54.2 mpg.

^c These technologies have transmission synergies included. Green highlighting indicates a technology order different than the NHTSA pathway, shown in Appendix S.