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Front Matter i-xxiv
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1-1
FATES AND EFFECTS OF MARINE DEBRIS 2-2
THE VESSEL GARBAGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 3-5
EDUCATION AND TRAINING 6-6
OVERARCHING ISSUES 7-7
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR GOVERNMENT ACTION 8-8
National Leadership 9-9
Coast Guard 10-10
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 11-11
Maritime Administration (MARAD) 12-12
1 Dimensions of the Challenge and U.S. Progress 13-14
INTERNATIONAL AND U.S. MANDATES 15-20
PROGRESS IN U.S. IMPLEMENTATION OF ANNEX V 21-22
U.S. Navy Compliance 23-24
State Initiatives 25-25
Pilot Programs by Community and Environmental Groups 26-26
Special Situations: The Gulf of Mexico 27-27
THE CHALLENGES AHEAD 28-28
REFERENCES 29-31
2 Sources, Fates, and Effects of Shipborne Garbage 32-32
IDENTIFYING VESSEL GARBAGE IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT 33-34
SOURCES OF SHIPBORNE GARBAGE 35-39
Recreational Boats 40-40
Commercial Fisheries 41-42
Cargo Ships 43-43
Small Public Vessels 44-44
Offshore Industry Rigs, Platforms, and Supply Vessels 45-45
Passenger Cruise Ships 46-46
Research Vessels 47-47
General Observations 48-49
Implications for Special Areas 50-50
Implications for Implementation of Annex V 51-51
Human Health Problems 52-52
Ecological Effects 53-53
Entanglement of Marine Animals 54-54
Ingestion of Plastics by Marine Species 55-55
SUMMARY 56-56
REFERENCES 57-62
3 Implementation 63-63
HAZARD EVOLUTION MODEL 64-65
Interventions to Remedy the Hazard 66-67
Technological Innovations 68-68
Organizational and Operational Changes 69-75
Educational Communication 76-77
Economic Incentives 78-78
Application of the Model to the Seafarer Communities 79-79
SUMMARY 80-80
REFERENCES 81-82
4 Elements of an Implementation Strategy 83-83
INTRODUCTION 84-84
Intelligence 85-85
Analysis of Interventions 86-86
Intelligence 87-92
Control 93-93
Analysis of Interventions 94-98
Intelligence 99-99
Control 100-100
Analysis of Interventions 101-105
Intelligence 106-106
Intelligence 107-109
Control 110-110
Intelligence 111-113
Control 114-115
Analysis of Interventions 116-116
Control 117-120
Analysis of Interventions 121-124
Intelligence 125-125
Analysis of Interventions 126-126
Intelligence 127-131
Control 132-132
Analysis of Interventions 133-135
REFERENCES 136-139
5 Integrating Vessel and Shoreside Garbage Management 140-140
PRINCIPLES OF INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT 141-142
Source Reduction 143-143
On-Board Storage 144-144
Shoreside Recycling 145-146
Compactors 147-147
Comminuters, Pulpers, and Shredders 148-149
Incinerators 150-153
Enhancing Shipboard Technology Development and Use 154-154
GARBAGE MANAGEMENT IN PORTS 155-156
Garbage Management Strategies 157-158
ENHANCING THE VESSEL GARBAGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 159-159
Quarantine Requirements 160-162
Port Accountability 163-164
Liability 165-165
Who Should Pay? 166-166
SUMMARY 167-168
REFERENCES 169-172
6 Education and Training 173-173
Public Awareness Campaigns 174-174
Management Education and Training 175-175
EXPERIENCE BASE RELATED TO ANNEX V 176-176
Marine Debris Information Offices 177-177
Efforts Targeting Boaters 178-178
Port Projects 179-179
Efforts Involving Industry 180-180
Public Awareness Programs 181-181
Information Exchange 182-182
A MODEL ANNEX V EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAM 183-184
Leadership 185-186
Secure Funding 187-187
SUMMARY 188-188
REFERENCES 189-190
THE NEED FOR LEADERSHIP 191-195
U.S. ENFORCEMENT OF ANNEX V 196-197
Clarify Extent of Port State Authorities 198-198
Simplify Handling of Civil Cases 199-199
Track and Punish Repeat Violators 200-200
Monitor Garbage Handling Practices 201-201
Surveillance by Ship Operators 202-202
ISSUES RELATED TO SPECIAL AREAS 203-205
Implementation of Annex V in the Wider Caribbean 206-207
SUMMARY 208-208
REFERENCES 209-209
8 Measuring Progress in Implementation of Annex V 210-210
RECORD KEEPING AS A MEASURE OF IMPLEMENTATION 211-211
Assessing Annex V Implementation Internationally 212-213
Surveys of Beach Debris 214-215
Monitoring Trends in Biological Impacts 216-216
Monitoring Plastics in the Marine Environment 217-217
Benthic Surveys of Plastic Debris 218-218
Data Collection and Management 219-219
REFERENCES 220-221
9 National Strategy 222-222
IDENTIFYING AND EVALUATING STRATEGIES AND TACTICS 223-224
Recreational Boats and Their Marinas 225-225
Commercial Fisheries and Their Fleet Ports 226-228
Cargo Ships and Their Itinerary Ports 229-230
Passenger Day Boats, Ferries, and Their Terminals 231-231
Small Public Vessels and Their Home Ports 232-232
Offshore Platforms, Rigs, Supply Vessels, and Their Shore Bases 233-233
Navy Surface Combatant Vessels and Their Home Ports 234-235
Passenger Cruise Ships and Their Itinerary Ports 236-237
Research Vessels and Their Ports of Call 238-239
10 Federal Action to Improve Implementation of Annex V 240-240
SCIENTIFIC MONITORING 241-241
VESSEL/SHORE INTERFACE 242-244
ON-BOARD TECHNOLOGIES 245-246
ENFORCEMENT 247-248
EDUCATION AND TRAINING 249-249
NATIONAL LEADERSHIP 250-254
APPENDIXES 255-256
APPENDIX A Committee on Shipborne Wastes Biographical Information 257-262
Regulation 1 263-263
Regulation 4 264-264
Regulation 5 265-266
Regulation 6 267-267
Regulation 7 268-268
1 Introduction and definitions 269-271
2 Training, education and information 272-273
3 Minimizing the amount of potential garbage 274-275
4 Shipboard garbage handling and storage procedures 276-282
5 Shipboard equipment for processing garbage 283-287
6 Port reception facilities for garbage 288-288
7 Ensuring compliance with Annex V 289-292
Appendix Form for reporting alleged inadequacy of port reception facilities for garbage 293-293
Revised Guidelines for the Implementation of Annex V of MARPOL 73/78 294-294
1 Scope 295-295
2 Definitions 296-296
3 Materials and manufacture 297-300
4 Operating requirements 301-301
5 Operating controls 302-303
7 Tests 304-304
9 Marking 305-305
Minimum information to be provided 306-309
A2 - Fire protection requirements for incinerators and waste stowage spaces 310-310
A4 - Flue gas temperature 311-311
Annex 312-312
APPENDIX C The International Law of the Sea: Implications for Annex V Implementation 313-314
COASTAL STATE AUTHORITIES 315-316
PORT STATE CONTROL 317-317
MORE GENERAL OBLIGATIONS 318-319
STRENGTHENING THE FORCE OF IMO RULES 320-320
APPENDIX D Time Line for U.S. Implementation of Annex V 321-323
Antarctic Ocean 324-324
The Baltic Sea 325-325
Caribbean Sea 326-326
Gulf of Mexico 327-327
Persian Gulf 328-328
Red Sea 329-330
REFERENCES 331-331
ENTANGLEMENT OF MARINE SPECIES 332-334
INGESTION OF PLASTICS BY MARINE SPECIES 335-337
GHOST FISHING 338-338
REFERENCES 339-342
Index 343-355

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Clean Ships, Clean Ports, Clean Oceans: Controlling Garbage and Plastic Wastes at Sea (1995)

Chapter: APPENDIXES

APPENDIXES

My Academies

Clean Ships, Clean Ports, Clean Oceans: Controlling Garbage and Plastic Wastes at Sea (1995)

Chapter: APPENDIXES

APPENDIXES