Active Traffic Management Strategies: A Planning and Evaluation Guide (2024)
Chapter: Appendix A: ATM Terminology
APPENDIX A
ATM Terminology
Overview
This appendix provides a list of commonly used acronyms and terms related to ATM as utilized throughout the guide.
Commonly Used Acronyms
The following list provides a translation for acronyms commonly used within the transportation profession, many of which are included in this document. Specifically, they relate to ATM and the various operational strategies included under the ATM and ATDM umbrellas.
| 4Ts | tolling, transit, telecommuting, and technology |
| AADT | average annual daily traffic |
| AAM | active arterial management |
| AASHTO | American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials |
| ADAS | advanced driver-assistance systems |
| ADM | active demand management |
| ADT | average daily traffic |
| AMS | analysis, modeling, and simulation |
| AMST | active management screening tool |
| ANSI | American National Standards Institute |
| APB | automatic passenger counter |
| APM | active parking management |
| ARID | anonymous reidentification device |
| ATDM | active transportation and demand management |
| ATM | active traffic management |
| ATMS | advanced transportation management system |
| ATSC | adaptive traffic signal control |
| AV | automated vehicle |
| AWOS | automated weather observing system |
| BAB | Build America bond |
| B/C | benefit/cost |
| BCA | benefits/cost analysis |
| BOS | bus-on-shoulder |
| BPMN | Business Process Modeling Notation |
| Caltrans | California Department of Transportation |
| CAV | connected and automated vehicle |
| CCTV | closed-circuit television |
| CHART | Coordinated Highway Action Response Team (Maryland) |
| CIP | capital investment program |
| CMAQ | Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Program |
| CMM | capability maturity model |
| CMP | congestion management process |
| CORSIM | Corridor Simulation |
| CTRMA | Central Texas Regional Mobility Authority |
| CV | connected vehicle |
| DAS | drive assist system |
| DB | design-build |
| DBB | design-bid-build |
| DBOM | design-build-operate-maintain |
| DMS | dynamic message sign |
| DRCG | Denver Regional Council of Governments |
| DSL | dynamic shoulder lane |
| DSRC | dedicated short-range communications |
| DSS | decision support system |
| DTA | dynamic traffic assignment |
| FMOH | Freeway Management and Operations Handbook |
| FTA | Federal Transit Administration |
| GARVEE | Grant Anticipation Revenue Vehicle |
| GVW | gross vehicle weight |
| HAR | highway advisory radio |
| HCM | Highway Capacity Manual |
| HOT | high-occupancy toll |
| HOV | high-occupancy vehicle |
| HSIP | Highway Safety Improvement Program |
| ICM | integrated corridor management |
| IEC | International Electrotechnical Commission |
| IEEE | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| ILCS | intelligent lane control signal |
| INFLO | Intelligent Network Flow Optimization |
| IOO | infrastructure owner-operator |
| ISO | International Organization for Standardization |
| ITS | intelligent transportation system |
| JPO | Joint Program Office |
| KHA | Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc. |
| LCS | lane control signal |
| LED | light-emitting diode |
| LOS | level of service |
| LRTP | long-range transportation plan |
| M&O | management and operations |
| MAP-21 | Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century (FHWA 2023b) |
| MDSHA | Maryland State Highway Agency |
| MnDOT | Minnesota Department of Transportation |
| MOE | measure of effectiveness |
| MPO | metropolitan planning organization |
| MSE | mean squared error |
| MSP | Maryland State Police |
| MTP | metropolitan transportation plan |
| MUL | managed use lane |
| MUTCD | Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (FHWA 2022) |
| MVDS | microwave vehicle detection system |
| MWCOG | Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments |
| NACTO | National Association of City Transportation Officials |
| NASEM | National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine |
| NCHRP | National Cooperative Highway Research Program |
| NHPP | National Highway Performance Program |
| OD | origin/destination |
| ODME | origin/destination matrix estimation |
| ODOT | Ohio Department of Transportation |
| OIPD | Office of Innovative Project Delivery |
| OSTI | Oregon Sustainable Transportation Initiative |
| P3 | Public-Private Partnerships for Transportation |
| PAB | private activity bond |
| PDSL | priced dynamic shoulder lane |
| PL | planning funding for statewide and metropolitan planning |
| PMP | project management plan |
| PMT | person-miles traveled |
| PNRS | Projects of National and Regional Significance |
| PS&E | plans, specifications, and estimate |
| PSRC | Puget Sound Regional Council |
| PSTOC | public safety and transportation operations center |
| PTZ | pan-tilt-zoom |
| RCTO | regional concept of transportation operations |
| RFID | radio frequency identification |
| RTP | regional transportation plan |
| RWIS | road weather information system |
| SAFETEA-LU | Safe Accountable Flexible Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (FHWA 2023g) |
| SCIS | Statewide Capital Investment Strategy (New Jersey) |
| SHRP2 | Strategic Highway Research Program 2 |
| SHSP | Strategic Highway Safety Plan |
| SIB | state infrastructure bank |
| SOC | state operations center |
| SOP | standard operating procedure |
| SPaT | signal phase and timing |
| STIP | state transportation improvement program |
| STP | Surface Transportation Program |
| TAP | Transportation Alternatives Program |
| TCD | traffic control device |
| TDM | transportation demand management |
| TIFIA | Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act (FHWA 2023j) |
| TIGER | Transportation Investment Generating Economic Recovery |
| TIM | traffic incident management |
| TIP | transportation improvement program |
| TM CMF | traffic management capability maturity framework |
| TMC | transportation management center |
| TOPS-BC | Tool for Operations Benefit-Cost Analysis |
| TRANSCOM | Transportation Operations Coordinating Committee (New York) |
| TRB | Transportation Research Board |
| TRM | technical reference manual |
| TSIS | Traffic Software Integrated System |
| TSMO | transportation systems management and operations |
| TSP | transit signal priority |
| TTI | Texas A&M Transportation Institute |
| UDOT | Utah Department of Transportation |
| UPA | Urban Partnership Agreement |
| UTCM | University Transportation Center for Mobility |
| V2I | vehicle-to-infrastructure |
| V2V | vehicle-to-vehicle |
| V2X | vehicle-to-other objects |
| V/C | volume-to-capacity ratio |
| VDOT | Virginia Department of Transportation |
| VHT | vehicle-hours traveled |
| VIDS | video image detection sensor |
| VMS | variable message sign |
| VMT | vehicle-miles traveled |
| VSL | variable speed limit |
| VSP | Virginia State Police |
| WIM | weigh-in-motion |
| WSDOT | Washington State Department of Transportation |
Glossary
This section includes a list of terms with corresponding definitions as they relate to ATM and are used within the document. Appropriate references are also cited.
Table A-1. Glossary of terms and definitions.
| Term | Definition | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Active demand management | The ability to dynamically influence travel behavior and manage system demand in real time using information and technology. | FHWA 2012a |
| Active management | The dynamic, cyclical, and performance-based process representing the ongoing activities associated with actively managing a transportation system. | FHWA 2012d |
| Active parking management | The dynamic management of parking facilities to optimize the use of those facilities while influencing travel behavior. | FHWA 2012b |
| Active traffic management | The ability to dynamically and proactively manage recurrent and nonrecurrent congestion on an entire facility based on real-time or preplanned traffic conditions. | FHWA 2012c |
| Active transportation and demand management | The dynamic management, control, and influence of every aspect of the entire transportation trip chain. | FHWA 2012d |
| Adaptive algorithm | A control algorithm where vehicular traffic in a network is detected at a point upstream and/or downstream and an algorithm is used to predict when and where traffic will be and to make signal adjustments at downstream intersections based on those predictions. | Koonce et al. 2008 |
| Adaptive ramp metering | The use of traffic-responsive or adaptive algorithms to deploy traffic signal(s) on ramps to dynamically control the rate at which vehicles enter a freeway facility and optimize local or system-wide conditions. | FHWA 2012c |
| Adaptive signal control | The continuous monitoring of arterial traffic conditions and intersection queuing and the dynamic adjustment of the signal timing to optimize one or more operational objectives (e.g., minimize overall delays). | FHWA 2012c |
| Term | Definition | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Arrival time | The time at which a traveler would arrive after a trip. | Kuhn et al. 2014 |
| Arterial | A roadway that serves major centers of metropolitan areas or rural areas to provide mobility that is not access controlled. | FHWA 2013 |
| Average travel time | An average of all travel times calculated over a specified time interval for a specified trip or roadway segment. The period of time over which the average is calculated is not consistent within the profession. | Kuhn et al. 2014 |
| Average work zone delay | The extra travel time during work zone activities (compared to operation without a work zone). | Mallela and Sadasivam 2011 |
| Buffer index | A multiplier that represents the extra time or time cushion a traveler must add to his/her average travel time when planning trips to ensure on-time arrival. | Kuhn et al. 2014 |
| Buffer time | The average travel time multiplied by the buffer index. | Kuhn et al. 2014 |
| Bus-on-shoulder | An application of dynamic shoulder use in which the shoulder is only allowed to be used by transit vehicles. | FHWA 2012c |
| Capacity | The maximum rate at which vehicles can pass through the intersection under prevailing conditions. | Kuhn et al. 2014 |
| Congested time | The percent of day with average section speeds less than some target speed (e.g., 50 mph). | — |
| Congested travel | The percent of VMT with average section speeds less than some target speed (e.g., 50 mph). | — |
| Contraflow | Another term for dynamic lane reversal. | — |
| Corridor | A broad geographical band that follows a general directional flow connecting major sources of trips that may contain a number of streets, highways, and transit route alignments. | TRB RTSMO 2021 |
| Delay | The amount of extra time spent traveling due to congestion. | Kuhn et al. 2014 |
| Departure time | The time at which a traveler would depart for a trip. | Kuhn et al. 2014 |
| Dynamic junction control | The dynamic allocation of lane access on mainline and ramp lanes in interchange areas where high traffic volumes are present and the relative demand on the mainline and ramps changes throughout the day. Mainline lanes can be closed or become an exit, shoulders can be opened, etc., to accommodate entering or exiting traffic. Merge control at work zones is not included as part of this strategy description. | FHWA 2012c |
| Dynamic lane assignment | Another term for dynamic lane-use control. | — |
| Dynamic lane reversal | The reversal of one or all lanes in order to dynamically allocate the capacity of congested roads, thereby allowing capacity to better match traffic demand throughout the day. Lane reversal could include changing the number of available lanes per direction by physically moving barriers or by signage. There is a distinction in terms of use on a freeway versus arterial. Typical lane reversal strategies on freeways are for emergency operations (contraflow lanes) or designed as part of the managed lanes facility such as a HOT/HOV lane. On arterials, lane reversals account for directional traffic flows. | FHWA 2012c |
| Term | Definition | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Dynamic lane-use control | The dynamic closing or opening of individual traffic lanes as warranted and providing advance warning of the closure(s) (typically through dynamic lane control signs mounted over each lane of traffic) in order to safely merge traffic into adjoining lanes. Lane-use control is often installed in conjunction with variable speed limits and may use the same signs. The goal of the strategy is to direct traffic into appropriate lanes based on conditions. Permanent HOV/HOT lanes are not included in this definition. | FHWA 2012c |
| Dynamic merge control | A form of dynamic junction control that may be used ahead of a lane reduction on a facility, such as in advance of a work zone where traffic merges into one lane. | FHWA 2012c |
| Dynamic shoulder lanes | Another term for dynamic shoulder use. | — |
| Dynamic shoulder use | The use of the shoulder as a travel lane(s) based on congestion levels during peak periods and in response to incidents or other conditions as warranted during nonpeak periods. Shoulder use may be restricted to certain types of vehicles or occupants. For ATM, shoulder use implies the ability to dynamically alter the usage of the shoulder. Static, time-of-day approaches are not generally included in the definition. However, they may serve as precursors to true dynamic use. | FHWA 2012c |
| Dynamic speed advisories | Another term for variable speed advisories. | — |
| Dynamic speed limits | Another term for variable speed limits. | — |
| Free-flow travel time | The travel time for a trip under free-flow conditions. | Kuhn et al. 2014 |
| Freeway | A high-speed divided highway with full control of access. | FHWA 2022 |
| Green bandwidth on route | The number of seconds of the green time along a route that can be used as a surrogate indicator for the performance of the travel on a route. | Gettman et al. 2013 |
| Hard-shoulder running | Another term for dynamic shoulder use. | — |
| Incident clearance time | The time elapsed from the notification of an incident to when the last responder has left the incident scene. | Owens et al. 2010 |
| Injury and fatal crashes | Crashes as defined by the state, that is, those for which a police accident report form is generated, where at least one injury or fatality occurred. | — |
| Injury and fatality crash rate | The total injury and fatal crashes divided by VMT for the time period considered. | — |
| Integrated corridor management | A congestion management tool that enables transportation managers to optimize the use of all available multimodal infrastructure assets by directing travelers to leverage underutilized capacity in a transportation corridor. | Alexiadis et al. 2012 |
| Line control | Another term for variable speed limits, typically used in Europe. | — |
| Nonrecurring congestion | Roadway congestion due to nonrecurring causes, such as crashes, disabled vehicles, work zones, adverse weather events, and planned special events. | FHWA 2023e |
| Occupancy | The percent of time that a detector indicates a vehicle is present over a total time period. | Urbanik et al. 2015 |
| On-scene time | The time difference between when the first responder arrives and the last responder leaves an incident scene; may also be computed for individual responders. | Owens et al. 2010 |
| Overall crash rate | The total crashes divided by VMT for the time period considered. | — |
| Oversaturation | When intersection demand vastly exceeds route and phase green time allocations. | Gettman et al. 2013 |
| Term | Definition | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Peak-travel time | The free-flow travel time added to the delay time. | Kuhn et al. 2014 |
| Percent arrivals on green | A measure of individual phase progression performance that estimates the proportion of vehicles that arrives at a green light versus the proportion that arrives at a red light. | Gettman et al. 2013 |
| Planned special events | Any occurrence that abnormally increases traffic demand (unlike an incident or construction and maintenance activities that typically restrict the roadway capacity). | Carson et al. 2003 |
| Planning time | The free-flow travel time multiplied by the planning time index. | Kuhn et al. 2014 |
| Planning time index | A multiplier that represents how much total time a traveler should allow to ensure on-time arrival. | Kuhn et al. 2014 |
| Platoon ratio | A measure of individual phase progression performance derived from the percentage of arrivals on green. | Gettman et al. 2013 |
| Queue | A line of vehicles, bicycles, or persons waiting to be served by the system in which the flow rate from the front of the queue determines the average speed within the queue. Slowly moving vehicles or people joining the rear of the queue are usually considered part of the queue. The internal queue dynamics can involve starts and stops. A faster-moving line of vehicles is often referred to as a moving queue or a platoon. | Urbanik et al. 2015 |
| Queue warning | Real-time displays of warning messages (typically on dynamic message signs and possibly coupled with flashing lights) along a roadway to alert motorists that queues or significant slowdowns are ahead, thus reducing rear-end crashes and improving safety. Static queue warning signs are not included in this definition. | FHWA 2012c |
| Real-time traveler information | The provision of information for all sorts of travel on the surface transportation networks, including collection and processing of that information, its provision to consumers, and its use by system operators to improve travel. | FHWA 2023c |
| Recommended departure time | A time of departure calculated by a traveler information system that would ensure on-time arrival for a given level of risk tolerance. | Kuhn et al. 2014 |
| Recurring congestion | Congestion on roadway facilities during peak-travel periods because the number of vehicles trying to use the system exceeds the available capacity. | FHWA 2023d |
| Reliability | The consistency or dependability of a trip. | Kuhn et al. 2014 |
| Response time | The time difference between when the incident was first verified by an agency and the on-scene arrival of the first responder. | Owens et al. 2010 |
| Reversible lanes | An alternate term for dynamic lane reversal. | — |
| Road weather management | The practice of working to understand the impacts of weather on roadways and promoting strategies and tools to mitigate those impacts. | FHWA 2023a |
| Roadway clearance time | The time between the first recordable awareness of the incident by a responsible agency and the confirmation that all lanes are available for traffic flow. | Owens et al. 2010 |
| Secondary crashes | A police-reported crash that occurs in the presence of an earlier crash. | Owens et al. 2010 |
| Service patrol assists | The number of responses (and type) for crashes and incidents. | Owens et al. 2010 |
| Signal timing plans | Signal phasing and priority timings. | Koonce et al. 2008 |
| Speed harmonization | Another term for variable speed limits. | — |
| Term | Definition | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Temporary shoulder use | Another term for dynamic shoulder use. | — |
| Throughput | The number of vehicles or persons traversing a road. | — |
| Total crashes | Crashes as defined by the state, that is, those for which a police accident report form is generated. | — |
| Total delay, persons | The excess travel time used by a person on a trip, facility, or road segment beyond what would occur under low-volume conditions. | — |
| Total delay, vehicles | The excess travel time used by a vehicle on a trip, facility, or road segment beyond what would occur under low-volume conditions. | — |
| Traffic incident management | The planned and coordinated multidisciplinary process to detect, respond to, and clear traffic incidents so that traffic flow may be restored as safely and quickly as possible. | FHWA 2023i |
| Traffic-responsive algorithm | A signal operational algorithm that uses data from traffic detectors, rather than time of day, to automatically select the timing plan best suited to current traffic conditions. | Koonce et al. 2008 |
| Transportation systems management and operations | A regional approach to managing and operating the transportation system that is active, integrated, and performance-driven. | FHWA 2023f |
| Travel time | The average time consumed by vehicles traversing a fixed distance of freeway, street, or transit route. | — |
| Travel-time index | A dimensionless quantity that compares travel conditions in the peak period to travel conditions during uncongested conditions. | Kuhn et al. 2014 |
| Travel-time range | The range of travel times that can be expected and could be anchored by any two points on the travel time frequency distribution. | Kuhn et al. 2014 |
| Travel time reliability | The consistency or dependability in travel times as measured from day to day or across different times of the day. | Kuhn et al. 2014 |
| Variable speed advisories | The application of variable speeds that are advisory in nature rather than regulatory. | FHWA 2012c |
| Variable speed limits | The adjustment of speed limits based on real-time traffic, roadway, and/or weather conditions. Variable speed limits can be either enforceable (regulatory) speed limits or recommended speed advisories, and they can be applied to an entire roadway segment or individual lanes. The goal of the strategy depends on the application but typically includes one or all of the following: (a) Reduce speed to match the travel speed to the roadway conditions. (b) Reduce speed variability between vehicles. (c) Harmonize speeds upstream of congestion to pace vehicles through bottlenecks and incident/work zones. | FHWA 2012c |
| Vehicle-miles of travel | The product of the number of vehicles traveling over a length of road multiplied by the length of the road. | — |
| Weather events | Any weather conditions that impact roads in various ways, including visibility impairments, precipitation, high winds, and temperature extremes, to affect driver capabilities, vehicle performance (i.e., traction, stability, and maneuverability), pavement friction, roadway infrastructure, crash risk, traffic flow, and agency productivity. | FHWA 2023h |
| Work zone traffic management | The practice of managing traffic during construction to help minimize traffic delays, maintain motorist and worker safety, maintain access, and complete roadwork in a timely manner. | FHWA 2023k |
Appendix A References
Alexiadis, V., D. Sallman, and A. Armstrong. (2012). Traffic Analysis Toolbox, Volume XIII: Integrated Corridor Management Analysis, Modeling, and Simulation Guide. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Publication FHWA-JPO-12-074. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/26559. Accessed June 2023.
Carson, J., and R. Bylsma. (2003). NCHRP Synthesis 309: Transportation Planning and Management for Special Events. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. https://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_syn_309a.pdf. Accessed June 2023.
FHWA (Federal Highway Administration). (2023a). “About Road Weather Management Program.” U.S. Department of Transportation. http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/weather/about.htm. Accessed June 2023.
FHWA. (2023b). “MAP-21: Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century.” U.S. Department of Transportation. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/map21/. Accessed June 2023.
FHWA. (2023c). “Real-Time Traveler Information: About Us.” U.S. Department of Transportation. http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/travelinfo/about/aboutus.htm. Accessed June 2023.
FHWA. (2023d). “Reducing Recurring Congestion.” U.S. Department of Transportation. http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/program_areas/reduce-recur-cong.htm. Accessed June 2023.
FHWA. (2023e). “Reducing Non-recurring Congestion.” U.S. Department of Transportation. http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/program_areas/reduce-non-cong.htm. Accessed June 2023.
FHWA. (2023f). “Regional Collaboration and Coordination.” U.S. Department of Transportation. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/plan4ops/focus_areas/collab_and_coord.htm. Accessed June 2023.
FHWA. (2023g). “Safe Accountable Flexible Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users.” U.S. Department of Transportation. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/safetealu/. Accessed June 2023.
FHWA. (2023h). “How Do Weather Events Impact Roads?” U.S. Department of Transportation. http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/weather/q1_roadimpact.htm. Accessed June 2023.
FHWA. (2023i). “Welcome to Traffic Incident Management (TIM).” U.S. Department of Transportation. http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/eto_tim_pse/about/tim.htm. Accessed June 2023.
FHWA. (2023j). “TIFIA: Program Overview.” U.S. Department of Transportation. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ipd/tifia/. Accessed June 2023.
FHWA. (2023k). “Work Zone Traffic Management.” U.S. Department of Transportation. http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/wz/traffic_mgmt/. Accessed June 2023.
FHWA. (2022). Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, 2009 Edition. U.S. Department of Transportation. https://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/pdfs/2009r1r2r3/pdf_index.htm. Accessed June 2023.
FHWA. (2013). Highway Functional Classification Concepts, Criteria and Procedures, 2013 Edition. U.S. Department of Transportation. Publication FHWA-PL- 13-026. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/27423. Accessed June 2023.
FHWA. (2012a). Active Transportation and Demand Management, ATDM Program Brief: Active Demand Management. U.S. Department of Transportation. Publication FHWA-HOP-13-002. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop13002/fhwahop13002.pdf. Accessed June 2023.
FHWA. (2012b). Active Transportation and Demand Management, ATDM Program Brief: Active Parking Management. U.S. Department of Transportation. Publication FHWA-HOP-12-033. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop12033/fhwahop12033.pdf. Accessed June 2023.
FHWA. (2012c). Active Transportation and Demand Management, ATDM Program Brief: Active Traffic Management. U.S. Department of Transportation. Publication FHWA-HOP-13-003. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop13003/fhwahop13003.pdf. Accessed June 2023.
FHWA. (2012d). ATDM Program Brief: An Introduction to Active Transportation and Demand Management. U.S. Department of Transportation. Publication FHWA- HOP-12-032. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop12032/index.htm. Accessed June 2023.
Gettman, D., E. Fok, E. Curtis, K. Kacir, D. Ormand, M. Mayer, and E. Flanigan. (2013). Measures of Effectiveness and Validation Guidance for Adaptive Signal Control Technologies. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Publication FHWA-HOP-13-013. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop13031/fhwahop13031.pdf. Accessed June 2023.
Koonce, P., L. Rodegerdts, K. Lee, S. Quayle, S. Beaird, C. Braud, J. Bonneson, P. Tarnoff, and T. Urbanik. (2008). Signal Timing Manual. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Publication FHWA-HOP-08-024. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop08024/fhwa_hop_08_024.pdf. Accessed June 2023.
Kuhn, B., L. Higgins, A. Nelson, M. Finley, G. Ullman, S. Chrysler, K. Wunderlich, V. Shah, and C. Dudek. (2014). Lexicon for Conveying Travel Time Reliability Information. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Publication S2-L14-RW-2. https://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/168810.aspx. Accessed June 2023.
Mallela, J., and S. Sadasivam. (2011). Work Zone Road User Costs: Concepts and Applications. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Publication FHWA-HOP-12- 105.
Owens, N., A. Armstrong, P. Sullivan, C. Mitchell, D. Newton, R. Brewter, and T. Trego. (2010). Traffic Incident Management Handbook. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Publication FHWA-HOP-10-013. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/tim/publications/timhandbook/tim_handbook.pdf. Accessed June 2023.
TRB RTSMO (Transportation Research Board Regional TSMO Committee). (2021). Draft Version for Review and Comment: Glossary of Regional Transportation Systems Management and Operations (TSMO) Terms. https://sites.google.com/site/trbrtsmocommittee/about/glossary. Accessed June 2023.
Urbanik, T., A. Tanaka, B. Lozner, E. Lindstrom, K. Lee, S. Quayle, S. Beaird, S. Tsoi, P. Ryus, D. Gettman, S. Sunkari, K. Balke, and D. Bullock. (2015). NCHRP Report 812: Signal Timing Manual, 2nd ed. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC https://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/173121.aspx. Accessed June 2023.
