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Active Traffic Management Strategies: A Planning and Evaluation Guide (2024)

Chapter: Appendix A: ATM Terminology

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Suggested Citation: "Appendix A: ATM Terminology." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Active Traffic Management Strategies: A Planning and Evaluation Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27871.

APPENDIX A

ATM Terminology

Overview

This appendix provides a list of commonly used acronyms and terms related to ATM as utilized throughout the guide.

Commonly Used Acronyms

The following list provides a translation for acronyms commonly used within the transportation profession, many of which are included in this document. Specifically, they relate to ATM and the various operational strategies included under the ATM and ATDM umbrellas.

4Ts	tolling, transit, telecommuting, and technology
AADT	average annual daily traffic
AAM	active arterial management
AASHTO	American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
ADAS	advanced driver-assistance systems
ADM	active demand management
ADT	average daily traffic
AMS	analysis, modeling, and simulation
AMST	active management screening tool
ANSI	American National Standards Institute
APB	automatic passenger counter
APM	active parking management
ARID	anonymous reidentification device
ATDM	active transportation and demand management
ATM	active traffic management
ATMS	advanced transportation management system
ATSC	adaptive traffic signal control
AV	automated vehicle
AWOS	automated weather observing system
BAB	Build America bond
B/C	benefit/cost
BCA	benefits/cost analysis
BOS	bus-on-shoulder
BPMN	Business Process Modeling Notation
Caltrans	California Department of Transportation
CAV	connected and automated vehicle
CCTV	closed-circuit television

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CHART	Coordinated Highway Action Response Team (Maryland)
CIP	capital investment program
CMAQ	Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Program
CMM	capability maturity model
CMP	congestion management process
CORSIM	Corridor Simulation
CTRMA	Central Texas Regional Mobility Authority
CV	connected vehicle
DAS	drive assist system
DB	design-build
DBB	design-bid-build
DBOM	design-build-operate-maintain
DMS	dynamic message sign
DRCG	Denver Regional Council of Governments
DSL	dynamic shoulder lane
DSRC	dedicated short-range communications
DSS	decision support system
DTA	dynamic traffic assignment
FMOH	Freeway Management and Operations Handbook
FTA	Federal Transit Administration
GARVEE	Grant Anticipation Revenue Vehicle
GVW	gross vehicle weight
HAR	highway advisory radio
HCM	Highway Capacity Manual
HOT	high-occupancy toll
HOV	high-occupancy vehicle
HSIP	Highway Safety Improvement Program
ICM	integrated corridor management
IEC	International Electrotechnical Commission
IEEE	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
ILCS	intelligent lane control signal
INFLO	Intelligent Network Flow Optimization
IOO	infrastructure owner-operator
ISO	International Organization for Standardization
ITS	intelligent transportation system
JPO	Joint Program Office
KHA	Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc.
LCS	lane control signal
LED	light-emitting diode
LOS	level of service
LRTP	long-range transportation plan
M&O	management and operations
MAP-21	Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century (FHWA 2023b)
MDSHA	Maryland State Highway Agency
MnDOT	Minnesota Department of Transportation
MOE	measure of effectiveness
MPO	metropolitan planning organization
MSE	mean squared error
MSP	Maryland State Police
MTP	metropolitan transportation plan
MUL	managed use lane

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MUTCD	Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (FHWA 2022)
MVDS	microwave vehicle detection system
MWCOG	Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments
NACTO	National Association of City Transportation Officials
NASEM	National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine
NCHRP	National Cooperative Highway Research Program
NHPP	National Highway Performance Program
OD	origin/destination
ODME	origin/destination matrix estimation
ODOT	Ohio Department of Transportation
OIPD	Office of Innovative Project Delivery
OSTI	Oregon Sustainable Transportation Initiative
P3	Public-Private Partnerships for Transportation
PAB	private activity bond
PDSL	priced dynamic shoulder lane
PL	planning funding for statewide and metropolitan planning
PMP	project management plan
PMT	person-miles traveled
PNRS	Projects of National and Regional Significance
PS&E	plans, specifications, and estimate
PSRC	Puget Sound Regional Council
PSTOC	public safety and transportation operations center
PTZ	pan-tilt-zoom
RCTO	regional concept of transportation operations
RFID	radio frequency identification
RTP	regional transportation plan
RWIS	road weather information system
SAFETEA-LU	Safe Accountable Flexible Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (FHWA 2023g)
SCIS	Statewide Capital Investment Strategy (New Jersey)
SHRP2	Strategic Highway Research Program 2
SHSP	Strategic Highway Safety Plan
SIB	state infrastructure bank
SOC	state operations center
SOP	standard operating procedure
SPaT	signal phase and timing
STIP	state transportation improvement program
STP	Surface Transportation Program
TAP	Transportation Alternatives Program
TCD	traffic control device
TDM	transportation demand management
TIFIA	Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act (FHWA 2023j)
TIGER	Transportation Investment Generating Economic Recovery
TIM	traffic incident management
TIP	transportation improvement program
TM CMF	traffic management capability maturity framework
TMC	transportation management center
TOPS-BC	Tool for Operations Benefit-Cost Analysis
TRANSCOM	Transportation Operations Coordinating Committee (New York)
TRB	Transportation Research Board
TRM	technical reference manual

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TSIS	Traffic Software Integrated System
TSMO	transportation systems management and operations
TSP	transit signal priority
TTI	Texas A&M Transportation Institute
UDOT	Utah Department of Transportation
UPA	Urban Partnership Agreement
UTCM	University Transportation Center for Mobility
V2I	vehicle-to-infrastructure
V2V	vehicle-to-vehicle
V2X	vehicle-to-other objects
V/C	volume-to-capacity ratio
VDOT	Virginia Department of Transportation
VHT	vehicle-hours traveled
VIDS	video image detection sensor
VMS	variable message sign
VMT	vehicle-miles traveled
VSL	variable speed limit
VSP	Virginia State Police
WIM	weigh-in-motion
WSDOT	Washington State Department of Transportation

Glossary

This section includes a list of terms with corresponding definitions as they relate to ATM and are used within the document. Appropriate references are also cited.

Table A-1. Glossary of terms and definitions.

Term	Definition	Source
Active demand management	The ability to dynamically influence travel behavior and manage system demand in real time using information and technology.	FHWA 2012a
Active management	The dynamic, cyclical, and performance-based process representing the ongoing activities associated with actively managing a transportation system.	FHWA 2012d
Active parking management	The dynamic management of parking facilities to optimize the use of those facilities while influencing travel behavior.	FHWA 2012b
Active traffic management	The ability to dynamically and proactively manage recurrent and nonrecurrent congestion on an entire facility based on real-time or preplanned traffic conditions.	FHWA 2012c
Active transportation and demand management	The dynamic management, control, and influence of every aspect of the entire transportation trip chain.	FHWA 2012d
Adaptive algorithm	A control algorithm where vehicular traffic in a network is detected at a point upstream and/or downstream and an algorithm is used to predict when and where traffic will be and to make signal adjustments at downstream intersections based on those predictions.	Koonce et al. 2008
Adaptive ramp metering	The use of traffic-responsive or adaptive algorithms to deploy traffic signal(s) on ramps to dynamically control the rate at which vehicles enter a freeway facility and optimize local or system-wide conditions.	FHWA 2012c
Adaptive signal control	The continuous monitoring of arterial traffic conditions and intersection queuing and the dynamic adjustment of the signal timing to optimize one or more operational objectives (e.g., minimize overall delays).	FHWA 2012c

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Term	Definition	Source
Arrival time	The time at which a traveler would arrive after a trip.	Kuhn et al. 2014
Arterial	A roadway that serves major centers of metropolitan areas or rural areas to provide mobility that is not access controlled.	FHWA 2013
Average travel time	An average of all travel times calculated over a specified time interval for a specified trip or roadway segment. The period of time over which the average is calculated is not consistent within the profession.	Kuhn et al. 2014
Average work zone delay	The extra travel time during work zone activities (compared to operation without a work zone).	Mallela and Sadasivam 2011
Buffer index	A multiplier that represents the extra time or time cushion a traveler must add to his/her average travel time when planning trips to ensure on-time arrival.	Kuhn et al. 2014
Buffer time	The average travel time multiplied by the buffer index.	Kuhn et al. 2014
Bus-on-shoulder	An application of dynamic shoulder use in which the shoulder is only allowed to be used by transit vehicles.	FHWA 2012c
Capacity	The maximum rate at which vehicles can pass through the intersection under prevailing conditions.	Kuhn et al. 2014
Congested time	The percent of day with average section speeds less than some target speed (e.g., 50 mph).	—
Congested travel	The percent of VMT with average section speeds less than some target speed (e.g., 50 mph).	—
Contraflow	Another term for dynamic lane reversal.	—
Corridor	A broad geographical band that follows a general directional flow connecting major sources of trips that may contain a number of streets, highways, and transit route alignments.	TRB RTSMO 2021
Delay	The amount of extra time spent traveling due to congestion.	Kuhn et al. 2014
Departure time	The time at which a traveler would depart for a trip.	Kuhn et al. 2014
Dynamic junction control	The dynamic allocation of lane access on mainline and ramp lanes in interchange areas where high traffic volumes are present and the relative demand on the mainline and ramps changes throughout the day. Mainline lanes can be closed or become an exit, shoulders can be opened, etc., to accommodate entering or exiting traffic. Merge control at work zones is not included as part of this strategy description.	FHWA 2012c
Dynamic lane assignment	Another term for dynamic lane-use control.	—
Dynamic lane reversal	The reversal of one or all lanes in order to dynamically allocate the capacity of congested roads, thereby allowing capacity to better match traffic demand throughout the day. Lane reversal could include changing the number of available lanes per direction by physically moving barriers or by signage. There is a distinction in terms of use on a freeway versus arterial. Typical lane reversal strategies on freeways are for emergency operations (contraflow lanes) or designed as part of the managed lanes facility such as a HOT/HOV lane. On arterials, lane reversals account for directional traffic flows.	FHWA 2012c

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Term	Definition	Source
Dynamic lane-use control	The dynamic closing or opening of individual traffic lanes as warranted and providing advance warning of the closure(s) (typically through dynamic lane control signs mounted over each lane of traffic) in order to safely merge traffic into adjoining lanes. Lane-use control is often installed in conjunction with variable speed limits and may use the same signs. The goal of the strategy is to direct traffic into appropriate lanes based on conditions. Permanent HOV/HOT lanes are not included in this definition.	FHWA 2012c
Dynamic merge control	A form of dynamic junction control that may be used ahead of a lane reduction on a facility, such as in advance of a work zone where traffic merges into one lane.	FHWA 2012c
Dynamic shoulder lanes	Another term for dynamic shoulder use.	—
Dynamic shoulder use	The use of the shoulder as a travel lane(s) based on congestion levels during peak periods and in response to incidents or other conditions as warranted during nonpeak periods. Shoulder use may be restricted to certain types of vehicles or occupants. For ATM, shoulder use implies the ability to dynamically alter the usage of the shoulder. Static, time-of-day approaches are not generally included in the definition. However, they may serve as precursors to true dynamic use.	FHWA 2012c
Dynamic speed advisories	Another term for variable speed advisories.	—
Dynamic speed limits	Another term for variable speed limits.	—
Free-flow travel time	The travel time for a trip under free-flow conditions.	Kuhn et al. 2014
Freeway	A high-speed divided highway with full control of access.	FHWA 2022
Green bandwidth on route	The number of seconds of the green time along a route that can be used as a surrogate indicator for the performance of the travel on a route.	Gettman et al. 2013
Hard-shoulder running	Another term for dynamic shoulder use.	—
Incident clearance time	The time elapsed from the notification of an incident to when the last responder has left the incident scene.	Owens et al. 2010
Injury and fatal crashes	Crashes as defined by the state, that is, those for which a police accident report form is generated, where at least one injury or fatality occurred.	—
Injury and fatality crash rate	The total injury and fatal crashes divided by VMT for the time period considered.	—
Integrated corridor management	A congestion management tool that enables transportation managers to optimize the use of all available multimodal infrastructure assets by directing travelers to leverage underutilized capacity in a transportation corridor.	Alexiadis et al. 2012
Line control	Another term for variable speed limits, typically used in Europe.	—
Nonrecurring congestion	Roadway congestion due to nonrecurring causes, such as crashes, disabled vehicles, work zones, adverse weather events, and planned special events.	FHWA 2023e
Occupancy	The percent of time that a detector indicates a vehicle is present over a total time period.	Urbanik et al. 2015
On-scene time	The time difference between when the first responder arrives and the last responder leaves an incident scene; may also be computed for individual responders.	Owens et al. 2010
Overall crash rate	The total crashes divided by VMT for the time period considered.	—
Oversaturation	When intersection demand vastly exceeds route and phase green time allocations.	Gettman et al. 2013

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Term	Definition	Source
Peak-travel time	The free-flow travel time added to the delay time.	Kuhn et al. 2014
Percent arrivals on green	A measure of individual phase progression performance that estimates the proportion of vehicles that arrives at a green light versus the proportion that arrives at a red light.	Gettman et al. 2013
Planned special events	Any occurrence that abnormally increases traffic demand (unlike an incident or construction and maintenance activities that typically restrict the roadway capacity).	Carson et al. 2003
Planning time	The free-flow travel time multiplied by the planning time index.	Kuhn et al. 2014
Planning time index	A multiplier that represents how much total time a traveler should allow to ensure on-time arrival.	Kuhn et al. 2014
Platoon ratio	A measure of individual phase progression performance derived from the percentage of arrivals on green.	Gettman et al. 2013
Queue	A line of vehicles, bicycles, or persons waiting to be served by the system in which the flow rate from the front of the queue determines the average speed within the queue. Slowly moving vehicles or people joining the rear of the queue are usually considered part of the queue. The internal queue dynamics can involve starts and stops. A faster-moving line of vehicles is often referred to as a moving queue or a platoon.	Urbanik et al. 2015
Queue warning	Real-time displays of warning messages (typically on dynamic message signs and possibly coupled with flashing lights) along a roadway to alert motorists that queues or significant slowdowns are ahead, thus reducing rear-end crashes and improving safety. Static queue warning signs are not included in this definition.	FHWA 2012c
Real-time traveler information	The provision of information for all sorts of travel on the surface transportation networks, including collection and processing of that information, its provision to consumers, and its use by system operators to improve travel.	FHWA 2023c
Recommended departure time	A time of departure calculated by a traveler information system that would ensure on-time arrival for a given level of risk tolerance.	Kuhn et al. 2014
Recurring congestion	Congestion on roadway facilities during peak-travel periods because the number of vehicles trying to use the system exceeds the available capacity.	FHWA 2023d
Reliability	The consistency or dependability of a trip.	Kuhn et al. 2014
Response time	The time difference between when the incident was first verified by an agency and the on-scene arrival of the first responder.	Owens et al. 2010
Reversible lanes	An alternate term for dynamic lane reversal.	—
Road weather management	The practice of working to understand the impacts of weather on roadways and promoting strategies and tools to mitigate those impacts.	FHWA 2023a
Roadway clearance time	The time between the first recordable awareness of the incident by a responsible agency and the confirmation that all lanes are available for traffic flow.	Owens et al. 2010
Secondary crashes	A police-reported crash that occurs in the presence of an earlier crash.	Owens et al. 2010
Service patrol assists	The number of responses (and type) for crashes and incidents.	Owens et al. 2010
Signal timing plans	Signal phasing and priority timings.	Koonce et al. 2008
Speed harmonization	Another term for variable speed limits.	—

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Term	Definition	Source
Temporary shoulder use	Another term for dynamic shoulder use.	—
Throughput	The number of vehicles or persons traversing a road.	—
Total crashes	Crashes as defined by the state, that is, those for which a police accident report form is generated.	—
Total delay, persons	The excess travel time used by a person on a trip, facility, or road segment beyond what would occur under low-volume conditions.	—
Total delay, vehicles	The excess travel time used by a vehicle on a trip, facility, or road segment beyond what would occur under low-volume conditions.	—
Traffic incident management	The planned and coordinated multidisciplinary process to detect, respond to, and clear traffic incidents so that traffic flow may be restored as safely and quickly as possible.	FHWA 2023i
Traffic-responsive algorithm	A signal operational algorithm that uses data from traffic detectors, rather than time of day, to automatically select the timing plan best suited to current traffic conditions.	Koonce et al. 2008
Transportation systems management and operations	A regional approach to managing and operating the transportation system that is active, integrated, and performance-driven.	FHWA 2023f
Travel time	The average time consumed by vehicles traversing a fixed distance of freeway, street, or transit route.	—
Travel-time index	A dimensionless quantity that compares travel conditions in the peak period to travel conditions during uncongested conditions.	Kuhn et al. 2014
Travel-time range	The range of travel times that can be expected and could be anchored by any two points on the travel time frequency distribution.	Kuhn et al. 2014
Travel time reliability	The consistency or dependability in travel times as measured from day to day or across different times of the day.	Kuhn et al. 2014
Variable speed advisories	The application of variable speeds that are advisory in nature rather than regulatory.	FHWA 2012c
Variable speed limits	The adjustment of speed limits based on real-time traffic, roadway, and/or weather conditions. Variable speed limits can be either enforceable (regulatory) speed limits or recommended speed advisories, and they can be applied to an entire roadway segment or individual lanes. The goal of the strategy depends on the application but typically includes one or all of the following: (a) Reduce speed to match the travel speed to the roadway conditions. (b) Reduce speed variability between vehicles. (c) Harmonize speeds upstream of congestion to pace vehicles through bottlenecks and incident/work zones.	FHWA 2012c
Vehicle-miles of travel	The product of the number of vehicles traveling over a length of road multiplied by the length of the road.	—
Weather events	Any weather conditions that impact roads in various ways, including visibility impairments, precipitation, high winds, and temperature extremes, to affect driver capabilities, vehicle performance (i.e., traction, stability, and maneuverability), pavement friction, roadway infrastructure, crash risk, traffic flow, and agency productivity.	FHWA 2023h
Work zone traffic management	The practice of managing traffic during construction to help minimize traffic delays, maintain motorist and worker safety, maintain access, and complete roadwork in a timely manner.	FHWA 2023k

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Appendix A References

Alexiadis, V., D. Sallman, and A. Armstrong. (2012). Traffic Analysis Toolbox, Volume XIII: Integrated Corridor Management Analysis, Modeling, and Simulation Guide. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Publication FHWA-JPO-12-074. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/26559. Accessed June 2023.

Carson, J., and R. Bylsma. (2003). NCHRP Synthesis 309: Transportation Planning and Management for Special Events. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. https://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_syn_309a.pdf. Accessed June 2023.

FHWA (Federal Highway Administration). (2023a). “About Road Weather Management Program.” U.S. Department of Transportation. http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/weather/about.htm. Accessed June 2023.

FHWA. (2023b). “MAP-21: Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century.” U.S. Department of Transportation. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/map21/. Accessed June 2023.

FHWA. (2023c). “Real-Time Traveler Information: About Us.” U.S. Department of Transportation. http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/travelinfo/about/aboutus.htm. Accessed June 2023.

FHWA. (2023d). “Reducing Recurring Congestion.” U.S. Department of Transportation. http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/program_areas/reduce-recur-cong.htm. Accessed June 2023.

FHWA. (2023e). “Reducing Non-recurring Congestion.” U.S. Department of Transportation. http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/program_areas/reduce-non-cong.htm. Accessed June 2023.

FHWA. (2023f). “Regional Collaboration and Coordination.” U.S. Department of Transportation. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/plan4ops/focus_areas/collab_and_coord.htm. Accessed June 2023.

FHWA. (2023g). “Safe Accountable Flexible Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users.” U.S. Department of Transportation. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/safetealu/. Accessed June 2023.

FHWA. (2023h). “How Do Weather Events Impact Roads?” U.S. Department of Transportation. http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/weather/q1_roadimpact.htm. Accessed June 2023.

FHWA. (2023i). “Welcome to Traffic Incident Management (TIM).” U.S. Department of Transportation. http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/eto_tim_pse/about/tim.htm. Accessed June 2023.

FHWA. (2023j). “TIFIA: Program Overview.” U.S. Department of Transportation. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ipd/tifia/. Accessed June 2023.

FHWA. (2023k). “Work Zone Traffic Management.” U.S. Department of Transportation. http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/wz/traffic_mgmt/. Accessed June 2023.

FHWA. (2022). Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, 2009 Edition. U.S. Department of Transportation. https://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/pdfs/2009r1r2r3/pdf_index.htm. Accessed June 2023.

FHWA. (2013). Highway Functional Classification Concepts, Criteria and Procedures, 2013 Edition. U.S. Department of Transportation. Publication FHWA-PL- 13-026. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/27423. Accessed June 2023.

FHWA. (2012a). Active Transportation and Demand Management, ATDM Program Brief: Active Demand Management. U.S. Department of Transportation. Publication FHWA-HOP-13-002. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop13002/fhwahop13002.pdf. Accessed June 2023.

FHWA. (2012b). Active Transportation and Demand Management, ATDM Program Brief: Active Parking Management. U.S. Department of Transportation. Publication FHWA-HOP-12-033. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop12033/fhwahop12033.pdf. Accessed June 2023.

FHWA. (2012c). Active Transportation and Demand Management, ATDM Program Brief: Active Traffic Management. U.S. Department of Transportation. Publication FHWA-HOP-13-003. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop13003/fhwahop13003.pdf. Accessed June 2023.

FHWA. (2012d). ATDM Program Brief: An Introduction to Active Transportation and Demand Management. U.S. Department of Transportation. Publication FHWA- HOP-12-032. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop12032/index.htm. Accessed June 2023.

Gettman, D., E. Fok, E. Curtis, K. Kacir, D. Ormand, M. Mayer, and E. Flanigan. (2013). Measures of Effectiveness and Validation Guidance for Adaptive Signal Control Technologies. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Publication FHWA-HOP-13-013. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop13031/fhwahop13031.pdf. Accessed June 2023.

Koonce, P., L. Rodegerdts, K. Lee, S. Quayle, S. Beaird, C. Braud, J. Bonneson, P. Tarnoff, and T. Urbanik. (2008). Signal Timing Manual. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Publication FHWA-HOP-08-024. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop08024/fhwa_hop_08_024.pdf. Accessed June 2023.

Kuhn, B., L. Higgins, A. Nelson, M. Finley, G. Ullman, S. Chrysler, K. Wunderlich, V. Shah, and C. Dudek. (2014). Lexicon for Conveying Travel Time Reliability Information. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Publication S2-L14-RW-2. https://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/168810.aspx. Accessed June 2023.

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Mallela, J., and S. Sadasivam. (2011). Work Zone Road User Costs: Concepts and Applications. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Publication FHWA-HOP-12- 105.

Owens, N., A. Armstrong, P. Sullivan, C. Mitchell, D. Newton, R. Brewter, and T. Trego. (2010). Traffic Incident Management Handbook. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Publication FHWA-HOP-10-013. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/tim/publications/timhandbook/tim_handbook.pdf. Accessed June 2023.

TRB RTSMO (Transportation Research Board Regional TSMO Committee). (2021). Draft Version for Review and Comment: Glossary of Regional Transportation Systems Management and Operations (TSMO) Terms. https://sites.google.com/site/trbrtsmocommittee/about/glossary. Accessed June 2023.

Urbanik, T., A. Tanaka, B. Lozner, E. Lindstrom, K. Lee, S. Quayle, S. Beaird, S. Tsoi, P. Ryus, D. Gettman, S. Sunkari, K. Balke, and D. Bullock. (2015). NCHRP Report 812: Signal Timing Manual, 2nd ed. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC https://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/173121.aspx. Accessed June 2023.

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