AEMA (American Exploration & Mining Association). 2024. 2024 Annual Meeting, I Am Mining: Celebrating 130 Years & Forging the Future with Mining’s Mettle. AEMA 2024 Annual Meeting Informational Packet. https://issuu.com/geretactical/docs/2024_aema_annual_meeting_brochure?fr=sYWI0OTYyOTAzNDI.
Allen Langhans, A. D., B. J. Drenth, and D. M. Connell. 2024. Airborne Magnetic and Radiometric Survey, Boulder Batholith Region, Montana, 2022. U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.5066/F7MK6C6K.
Alonso, E., A. S. Brioche, R. Schulte, L. M. Trimmer III, Ji-E. Kim, A. L. Gulley, and D. G. Pineault. 2025. World Minerals Outlook—Cobalt, Gallium, Helium, Lithium, Magnesium, Palladium, Platinum, and Titanium Through 2029. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2025–5021. https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20255021.
Arslan, Z., and H. A. Lowers. 2024. Method Development for Determination of Trace Amounts of Silicon in Hydrofluoric Acid Digests of Biological Samples and Lung Biopsy Tissues by ICP-MS. U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.5066/P9VLL9VJ.
ASEG (Australian Society of Exploration Geophysicists). 2024. Update on geophysical survey progress from Geoscience Australia and the Geological Surveys of Western Australia, South Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania (information current 27 November 2024). Preview 2024(232):29–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/14432471.2024.2438973.
Ayuso, R. A., and N. K. Foley. 2024. Representative Whole-Rock Analyses of the Spor Mountain Formation, Utah_Dataset 2. U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.5066/P9FSQXR5.
Barton, I., J. Banta, and L. Hutson. 2021. How to get more students to major in mining engineering? Answers from the University of Arizona. Mining Education 73(10):30–34. https://mining.arizona.edu/sites/default/files/2022-03/mining_journal_enrollment.pdf.
Barton, P. B., R. O. Rye, and P. M. Bethke. 2000. Evolution of the Creede Caldera and its relation to mineralization in the Creede mining district, Colorado. In Ancient Lake Creede: Its Volcano-Tectonic Setting, History of Sedimentation, and Relation to Mineralization in the Creede Mining District, edited by P. M. Bethke and R. L. Hay. Geological Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2346-9.301.
Baskaran, G., and D. Wood. 2024. China Imposes Its Most Stringent Critical Minerals Export Restrictions Yet Amidst Escalating U.S.-China Tech War. Center for Strategic & International Studies. https://www.csis.org/analysis/china-imposes-its-most-stringent-critical-minerals-export-restrictions-yet-amidst.
Baskaran, G., and D. Wood. 2025. Critical Minerals and the Future of the U.S. Economy. Center for Strategic & International Studies. https://www.csis.org/analysis/critical-minerals-and-future-us-economy.
Bethke, P. M., W. R. Campbell, J. B. Hulen, and T. H. Moses Jr. 2001. Preliminary Scientific Results of the Creede Caldera Continental Scientific Drilling Program. U.S. Geological Survey. https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0260a/report.pdf.
Bethke, P. M., and R. L. Hay, eds. 2000. Ancient Lake Creede: Its Volcano-Tectonic Setting, History of Sedimentation, and Relation to Mineralization in the Creede Mining District. Geological Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE346.
Bethke, P. M., and R. O. Rye. 1979. Environment of ore deposition in the Creede mining district, San Juan Mountains, Colorado. Economic Geology 74:1832–1851. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr791243.
BGS (British Geological Survey). 2024. BGS Science Advisory Committee Terms of Reference. https://www.bgs.ac.uk/download/bgs-sac-terms-of-reference/.
Blannin, R., M. Frenzel, R. Tolosana-Delgado, P. Büttner, and J. Gutzmer. 2022. Towards a sampling protocol for the resource assessment of critical raw materials in tailings storage facilities. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 236:106974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2022.106974.
Blannin, R., M. Frenzel, R. Tolosana-Delgado, P. Büttner, and J. Gutzmer. 2023. 3D geostatistical modelling of a tailings storage facility: Resource potential and environmental implications. Ore Geology Reviews 154:105337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2023.105337.
BLM (Bureau of Land Management). 1985. MS-3031: Energy and Mineral Resource Assessment, Minerals Management Manuals. https://www.blm.gov/sites/blm.gov/files/uploads/mediacenter_blmpolicymanual3031.pdf.
BLM and USFS (U.S. Forest Service). 2007. Abandoned Mine Lands: A Decade of Progress Reclaiming Hardrock Mines. Washington, DC: Bureau of Land Management and U.S. Forest Service. https://www.loc.gov/item/2023692356/.
Bureau of Mines Mineral Supply. 1973. The Bureau of Mines Minerals Availability System and Resource Classification Manual. Washington, DC: Department of the Interior Library. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7272785.
CIM (Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum) Standing Committee on Reserve Definitions. 2014. CIM Definition Standards for Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves. https://mrmr.cim.org/media/1128/cim-definition-standards_2014.pdf.
Day, W. C. 2019. The Earth Mapping Resources Initiative (Earth MRI): Mapping the Nation’s Critical Mineral Resources (ver. 1.2, September 2019). Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20193007.
Day, W. C., J. M. Hammarstrom, M. L. Zientek, and T. P. Frost. 2016. Overview with methods and procedures of the U.S. Geological Survey mineral-resource assessment of the Sagebrush Focal Areas of Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Wyoming. In Mineral Resources of the Sagebrush Focal Areas of Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Wyoming. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016-5089-A (p.211). http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165089A.
De Chant, T. 2025a. Earth AI’s algorithms found critical minerals in places everyone else ignored. TechCrunch, March 25, 2025. https://techcrunch.com/2025/03/25/earth-ais-algorithms-found-critical-minerals-in-places-everyone-else-ignored/.
De Chant, T. 2025b. KoBold used AI to find copper—now investors are piling in to the tune of $537M. TechCrunch, January 2, 2025. https://techcrunch.com/2025/01/02/kobold-used-ai-to-find-copper-now-investors-are-piling-in-to-the-tune-of-537m/.
Deloitte. 2017. Innovation in Mining Latin America 2017. https://enernews.com/media/briefs/deloitte-nnovacion-en-mineria-america-latina-2017_2598.pdf.
Deloitte. 2023. The Economic Value of Government Precompetitive Geoscience Data and Analysis for Australia’s Resources Industry. Geoscience Australia. https://dx.doi.org/10.26186/148640.
DOE (U.S. Department of Energy). 2023. CriticalMineralsAssessment. U.S. Department of Energy. https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2023-07/doe-critical-material-assessment_07312023.pdf.
Emmons, W. H., and E. S. Larsen. 1923. Geology and Ore Deposits of the Creede District, Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey. https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0718/report.pdf.
Ernst & Young. 2020. Natural Resources Canada: Economic Assessment of Geoscience Information (GEM & TGI). Ernst & Young LLP. https://natural-resources.canada.ca/sites/nrcan/files/images/departmental-results/NRCAN_FINAL_Report_E%26Y.pdf.
European Union. 2024. Regulation (EU) 2024/1252 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 April 2024 establishing a framework for ensuring a secure and sustainable supply of critical raw materials and amending Regulations (EU) No 168/2013, (EU) 2018/858, (EU) 2018/1724 and (EU) 2019/1020. Official Journal of the European Union L202(May 8, 2024):1–67. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1252/oj/eng.
FECM (Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management). 2025. DOE invests over $32 million to increase efficiency of U.S. critical minerals production through the co-manufacture of value-added products. U.S. Department of Energy. https://www.energy.gov/fecm/articles/doe-invests-over-32-million-increase-efficiency-us-critical-minerals-production#:~:text=WASHINGTON%2C%20D.C.%20%E2%80%93%20The%20U.S.%20Department,here%20in%20the%20United%20States.
Federal Register. 1976. Executive Order 11935 of September 2, 1976: Citizenship Requirements for Federal Employment. Federal Register 41(173): 37301–37304.
Ferrero, R. C., J. J. Kolak, D. J. Bills, Z. H. Bowen, D. J. Cordier, T. J. Gallegos, J. R. Hein, K. D. Kelley, P. H. Nelson, V. F. Nuccio, J. M. Schmidt, and R. R. Seal II. 2013. U.S. Geological Survey Energy and Minerals Science Strategy: A Resource Lifecycle Approach. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1383D.
Fortier, S. M., C. L. Thomas, E. A. McCullough, and A. C. Tolcin. 2018. Global trends in mineral commodities for advanced technologies. Natural Resources Research 27(2):191–200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-017-9340-9.
Frank, D., J. Galloway, and K. Assmus. 2005. The Life Cycle of a Mineral Deposit—A Teacher’s Guide for Hands-on Mineral Education Activities. Denver, CO: U.S. Geological Survey. https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/2005/17/gip-17.pdf.
Frank, D. G., T. P. Frost, and W. C. Day. 2016. USGS Mineral-Resource Assessment of Sagebrush Focal Areas in the Western United States. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20163074.
GAO (U.S. Government Accountability Office). 2024. Critical Minerals: Status, Challenges, and Policy Options for Recovery from Nontraditional Sources. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Report to Congressional Addressees. http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-24-106395.
GlobeScan. 2023. Performance of Mining Companies in Fulfilling Their Responsibilities to Society Average of 32 Countries. International Council on Mining and Metals. https://www.icmm.com/website/publications/pdfs/icmm/2023-globescan-radar.pdf.
Government of Western Australia. 2024. Western Australia’s Battery and Critical Minerals Strategy 2024-2030. Department of Jobs, Tourism, Science and Innovation, Government of Western Australia. https://www.wa.gov.au/system/files/2024-05/00361_battery_strategy_a4_5.3_web.pdf.
Hammarstrom, J. M., D. C. Kreiner, C. L. Dicken, and L. G. Woodruff. 2023. National Map of Focus Areas for Potential Critical Mineral Resources in the United States. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.3133/fs2023307.
Hayba, D. O., and C. J. Conte. 1987. Bibliography and Index of the Geology of the Creede Mining District and Vicinity. U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87371.
Hill, P. L., R. P. Kucks, and D. Ravat. 2009. Aeromagnetic and Aeroradiometric Data for the Conterminous United States and Alaska from the National Uranium Resource Evaluation (NURE) Program of the U.S. Department of Energy. U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091129.
Hofstra, A. H., and D. C. Kreiner. 2020. Systems-Deposits-Commodities-Critical Minerals Table for the Earth Mapping Resources Initiative (ver. 1.1, May 2021). U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201042.
Horton, J. D., and C. A. San Juan. 2016. Prospect- and Mine-Related Features from U.S. Geological Survey 7.5- and 15-Minute Topographic Quadrangle Maps of the United States (ver. 10.0, May 2023). U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.5066/F78W3CHG.
Hutchison, V. B., T. E. Burley, K. W. Blasch, P. E. Exter, G. L. Gunther, A. J. Shipman, C. M. Kelley, and C. A. Morris. 2024. U.S. Geological Survey Data Strategy 2023–33. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1517.
ICMM (International Council on Mining and Metals). 2024. Mining Principles: Performance Expectations. https://www.icmm.com/website/publications/pdfs/mining-principles/mining-principles.pdf?cb=111036.
IEA (International Energy Agency). 2021. The Role of Critical Minerals in Clean Energy Transitions. Paris, France: IEA. https://www.iea.org/reports/the-role-of-critical-minerals-in-clean-energy-transitions.
IEA. 2024. Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2024. Paris, France: IEA. https://www.iea.org/reports/global-critical-minerals-outlook-2024.
Invest in Canada. 2025. Spotlight on Mining: Opportunities in Canada’s Minerals and Metals Sector. Government of Canada. https://www.investcanada.ca/sites/default/files/pitchbooks/files/SpotlightOnMiningCanada_EN.pdf.
IWG (Interagency Working Group on Mining Laws, Regulations, and Permitting). 2023. Recommendations to Improve Mining on Public Lands. U.S. Department of the Interior. https://www.doi.gov/sites/default/files/mriwg-report-final-508.pdf.
JOGMEC (Japan Organization for Metals and Energy Security). 2024. Technical Annual Report April 2023 – March 2024 R&D Activities. https://www.jogmec.go.jp/content/300391411.pdf.
John, D. A., and R. D. Taylor. 2016. By-products of porphyry copper and molybdenum deposits. In Rare Earth and Critical Elements in Ore Deposits: Society of Economic Geologists, edited by P. L. Verplanck and M. W. Hitzman, 137–164. Society of Economic Geologists. https://doi.org/10.5382/Rev.18.07.
Jones, J., W. Day, P. Loferski, D. McPhee, and C. Williams. 2025. Critical Minerals Mapping Across the United States Under the USGS Earth Mapping Resources Initiative (Earth MRI). 2025 SME Annual Conference & Expo, Denver, Colorado.
Keane, C., L. Gonzales, and D. Robinson. 2022. Status of Recent Geoscience Graduates 2021. American Geosciences Institute. https://www.americangeosciences.org/static/files/GraduateSurvey2021.pdf.
Kimball, B. A., R. L. Runkel, K. Walton-Day, and B. K. Stover. 2006. Evaluation of Metal Loading to Streams Near Creede, Colorado, August and September 2000. U.S. Geological Survey. https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5143/PDF/SIR2004_5143.pdf.
Klesman, A. 2019. How NASA brought color TV to the Moon. Astronomy, May 31, 2019. https://www.astronomy.com/observing/how-nasa-brought-color-tv-to-the-moon/.
Knierim, K. J., M. S. Blondes, A. Masterson, P. Freeman, B. McDevitt, A. Herzberg, P. Li, C. Mills, C. Doolan, A. M. Jubb, S. M. Ausbrooks, and J. Chenault. 2024. Evaluation of the lithium resource in the Smackover Formation brines of southern Arkansas using machine learning. Science Advances 10(39)eadp8149. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adp8149.
Kreiner, D. C., J. V. Jones III, and G. N. Case. 2022. Alaska Focus Area Definition for Data Acquisition for Potential Domestic Sources of Critical Minerals in Alaska for Antimony, Barite, Beryllium, Chromium, Fluorspar, Hafnium, Magnesium, Manganese, Uranium, Vanadium, and Zirconium. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191023E.
Larsen, E. S. 1930. Recent mining developments in the Creede district, Colorado. In Contributions to Economic Geology (Short Papers and Preliminary Reports), 1929: Part I.–Metals and Nonmetals Except Fuels. U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.3133/b811B.
Lederer, G., J. Jones, D. McPhee, J. Mauk, R. Seal, K. Campbell, J. Hammarstrom, P. Bedrosian, P. MacQueen, G. Graham, F. Solano, G. Case, and D. Pineault. 2024. USGS critical minerals review. Mining Engineering 76(5). https://smenet.blob.core.windows.net/smecms/sme/media/smeazurestorage/publications/me-may2024.pdf.
Lipman, P. W. 1974. Geologic Map of the Platoro Caldera Area, Southeastern San Juan Mountains, Southwestern Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.3133/i828.
Lipman, P. W. 1975. Geologic Map of the Lower Conejos River Canyon Area, Southeastern San Juan Mountains, Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.3133/i901.
Lipman, P. W. 1976. Geologic Map of the Del Norte Area, Eastern San Juan Mountains, Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.3133/i952.
Lipman, P. W. 2024. Subsidence-induced early doming at a large ignimbrite caldera. Geology 52(7):527–532. https://doi.org/10.1130/G52130.1.
Lithium Americas Corp. 2022. Feasibility Study, National Instrument 43-101 Technical Report for the Thacker Pass Project. Humboldt County, NV: Lithium Americas.
Lu, F., T. Xiao, J. Lin, Z. Ning, Q. Long, L. Xiao, F. Huang, W. Wang, Q. Xiao, X. Lan, and H. Chen. 2017. Resources and extraction of gallium: A review. Hydrometallurgy 174:105–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2017.10.010.
Mackey, J., D. J. Bain, G. Lackey, J. Gardiner, D. Gulliver, and B. Kutchko. 2024. Estimates of lithium mass yields from produced water sourced from the Devonian-aged Marcellus Shale. Scientific Reports 14:8813. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-58887-x.
Malakoff, E., S. Amgott, and L. Russell. 2025. Who collects the nation’s mineral statistics? Meet the National Minerals Information Center. https://www.usgs.gov/programs/mineral-resources-program/news/who-collects-nations-mineral-statistics-meet-national.
McCaffrey, D. M., N. T. Nassar, S. M. Jowitt, A. J. Padilla, and L. R. Bird. 2023. Embedded critical material flow: The case of niobium, the United States, and China. Resources, Conservation, and Recycling 188:106698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106698.
McCuaig, T. C., and J. M. A. Hronsky. 2014. The mineral system concept: The key to exploration targeting. In Building Exploration Capability for the 21st Century. Society of Economic Geologists, edited by K. D. Kelley and H. C. Golden. https://doi.org/10.5382/SP.18.08.
McKinsey & Company. 2023. 2023 ESG Report: Accelerating sustainable and inclusive growth for all. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/about%20us/social%20responsibility/2023%20esg%20report/mckinsey-and-company-2023-esg-report-executive-summary.pdf.
McLemore, V. T., and R. M. Chamberlin. 1986. National Uranium Resource Evaluation (NURE) Data. New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources.
Mencho, B. B. 2022. Assessing the effects of gold mining on environment: A case study of Shekiso district, Guji zone, Ethiopia. Heliyon 8(12):e11882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11882.
Minty, B., R. Franklin, P. Milligan, M. Richardson, and J. Wilford. 2009. The radiometric map of Australia. Exploration Geophysics 40(4):325–333. https://doi.org/10.1071/EG09025.
Moffat, K., R. McCrea, A. Pitcaithly, I. Unger, C. Bailey, N. Boughen, and J. Parr. 2024. Australian Attitudes Toward Mining: Citizen Survey—2024 Results. Sydney, Australia: CSIRO. http://hdl.handle.net/102.100.100/661108?index=1.
Mosher, S. and C. Keane. 2021. Vision and Change in the Geosciences: The Future of Undergraduate Geoscience Education. American Geosciences Institute, Alexandria, VA.
Mudd, G. M., Z. Wengand, and S. M. Jowitt. 2013. A detailed assessment of global Cu resource trends and endowments. Economic Geology 108(5):1163–1183. https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.108.5.1163.
Narducci, L. J., and A. A. Reeve. 2024. President Biden signs into law the Good Samaritan Remediation of Abandoned Hardrock Mines Act of 2024. Snell & Wilmer. https://www.swlaw.com/publication/president-biden-signs-into-law-the-good-samaritan-remediation-of-abandoned-hardrock-mines-act-of-2024/.
NASEM (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine). 2019. Assuring Data Quality at U.S. Geological Survey Laboratories. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25524.
NASEM. 2024. Building Capacity for the U.S. Mineral Resources Workforce: Proceedings of a Workshop. Edited by A. F. Johnson and M. Regier. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/27733.
Nassar, N. T., and S. M. Fortier. 2021. Methodology and Technical Input for the 2021 Review and Revision of the US Critical Minerals List. U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211045.
Nassar, N. T., T. E. Graedel, and E. M. Harper. 2015. By-product metals are technologically essential but have problematic supply. Science Advances 1(3):e1400180. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1400180.
Nassar, N. T., G. W. Lederer, J. L. Brainard, A. J. Padilla, and J. D. Lessard. 2022. Rock-to-metal ratio: A foundational metric for understanding mine wastes. Environmental Science & Technology 56(10):6710–6721. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c07875.
NMA (National Mining Association). 2023. U.S. reaches highest recorded mineral import reliance. https://nma.org/2023/01/31/u-s-reaches-highest-recorded-mineral-import-reliance/.
NRC (National Research Council). 1996. Mineral Resources and Society: A Review of the U.S. Geological Survey’s Mineral Resource Surveys Program Plan. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/9035.
NRC. 2003. Future Challenges for the U.S. Geological Survey’s Mineral Resources Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/10817.
NRC. 2008. Minerals, Critical Minerals, and the U.S. Economy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/12034.
Office of the Auditor General of Canada. 2024. 2024 Reports 6 to 10 of the Commissioner of the Environment and Sustainable Development to the Parliament of Canada. https://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/English/parl_cesd_202411_06_e_44575.html.
OIG (Office of Inspector General). 2016. Scientific Integrity Incident at USGS Energy Geochemistry Laboratory. Department of the Interior. https://www.doioig.gov/sites/default/files/2021-migration/2016EAU010Public.pdf.
OIG. 2024. USGS Laboratories Remain Vulnerable to Breaches of Scientific Integrity. Department of the Interior. https://www.doioig.gov/sites/default/files/2021-migration/Final%20Audit%20Report_USGS%20Scientific%20Integrity.pdf.
Pacitti, L., R. Jackson, J. Bell, S. Langford, K. Matthews, C. Barry, J. Semit, A. Caldwell, E. Higgins, and J. Fazzari. 2024. Critical Minerals – Funding Initiatives and the 2024 Federal Budget. King & Wood Mallesons. https://www.kwm.com/au/en/insights/latest-thinking/funding-initiatives-and-the-2024-federal-budget.html.
Parbhakar-Fox, A., B. Lottermoser, and D. Bradshaw. 2013. Evaluating waste rock mineralogy and microtexture during kinetic testing for improved acid rock drainage prediction. Minerals Engineering 52:111–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2013.04.022.
Phelps, G. A. 2022. Airborne Magnetic and Radiometric Survey, Idaho Cobalt Belt, Central Idaho, 2021—Magnetic and Radiometric Data. U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.5066/P9TLBM4U.
PIB (Press Information Bureau). 2025. India Charts Bold Upstream Energy Strategy at Urja Varta 2025. Government of India, Press Information Bureau.
Plumlee, G. S., and J. T. Nash. 1995. Geoenvironmental models of mineral deposits–fundamentals and applications. In Preliminary Compilation of Descriptive Geoenvironmental Mineral Deposit Models: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95–831, edited by E. A. duBray, 1–9. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Queensland Government. 2023. Queensland Critical Minerals Strategy. https://www.resources.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/1726430/critical-minerals-strategy.pdf.
Reedy, R. C., B. R. Scanlon, D. A. Bagdonas, J. C. Hower, D. James, J. R. Kyle, and K. Uhlman. 2024. Coal ash resources and potential for rare earth element production in the United States. International Journal of Coal Science & Technology 11(1):74.
Rio Tinto. 2022. Rio Tinto starts tellurium production at Kennecott. https://www.riotinto.com/en/news/releases/2022/rio-tinto-starts-tellurium-production-at-kennecott.
Rowan, L. R. 2025. Critical Mineral Resources: The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Role in Research and Analysis. Congressional Research Service. https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R48005.
Runde, D., and A. Hardman. 2023. Elevating the Role of Critical Minerals for Development and Security. Center for Strategic & International Studies. https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2023-09/230901_Runde_Elevating_Critical_Minerals.pdf? VersionId=z64d16uinTwPLjoxPRSuinTwPLj1JrW3.
Ryker, S. 2022. Energy and Mineral Resources Mission Area. U.S. Geological Survey.
SEG Council. 2003. SEG Position Statements Concerning Public Outreach and Governmental Policies (adopted by SEG Council on November 3, 2003). Society of Economic Geologists. https://www.segweb.org/SEG/SEG/About/Position-Statements.aspx.
Shah, A. K. 2022. Airborne Magnetic and Radiometric Survey, Munsungun Region in Northern Maine, 2021. U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.5066/P97VUIJS.
Shojaeddini, E., E. Alonso, and N. T. Nassar. 2024. Estimating price elasticity of demand for mineral commodities used in lithium-ion batteries in the face of surging demand. Resources, Conservation, and Recycling 207:107664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107664.
Sillitoe, R. H. 2010. Porphyry copper systems. Economic Geology 105(1):3–41. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.105.1.3.
SME (Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration). 2022. Maintaining the Viability of U.S. Mining Education. https://www.smenet.org/What-We-Do/Technical-Briefings/Maintaining-the-Viability-of-U-S-Mining-Education.
Smith, S. M. 1997. National Geochemical Database: Reformatted Data from the National Uranium Resource Evaluation (NURE) Hydrogeochemical and Stream Sediment Reconnaissance (HSSR) Program. USGS Open-file Report 97-492.
Smith, S. M., J. S. Azain, Z. C. Bueghly, and D. A. Olinger. 2018. Reanalysis of Selected Archived NURE-HSSR Sediment and Soil Samples from Arizona, California, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah (ver. 8.0, May 2021): U.S. Geological Survey Data Release. https://doi.org/10.5066/F7765DHF.
Steven, T. A., and G. P. Eaton. 1975. Environment of ore deposition in the Creede mining district, San Juan Mountains, Colorado: Part I. Geologic, hydrologic, and geophysical setting. Economic Geology 70(6):1023–1037. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.70.6.1023.
Steven, T. A., H. H. Mehnert, and J. D. Obradovich. 1967. Age of Volcanic Activity in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado. Edited by the Department of the Interior. Washington, DC: U.S. Geological Survey.
Steven, T. A., and J. C. Ratte. 1965. Geology and Structural Control of Ore Deposition in the Creede District, San Juan Mountains, Colorado. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Steven, T.A., and J.C. Ratte. 1973. Geologic Map of the Creede Quadrangle, Mineral and Saguache Counties, Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey.
Stone, R. 2024. In search of Natural Riches, China Plans $1 Billion Geoscience Survey. Science. https://www.science.org/content/article/search-natural-riches-china-plans-1-billion-geoscience-survey.
Sullivan & Cromwell LLP. 2024. EU Critical Raw Materials Act Enters into Force. Client Memorandum. New York: Sullivan & Cromwell LLP. https://www.sullcrom.com/SullivanCromwell/_Assets/PDFs/Memos/EU-Critical-Raw-Materials-Act-Enters-Into-Force.pdf.
Taylor, R. D., A. K. Shah, G. J. Walsh, and C. D. Taylor. 2019. Geochemistry and geophysics of iron oxide-apatite deposits and associated waste piles with implications for potential rare earth element resources from ore and historical mine waste in the eastern Adirondack Highlands, New York, USA. Economic Geology 114(8):1569–1598. https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4689.
The World Bank. 2017. The Growing Role of Minerals and Metals for a Low Carbon Future. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications. http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/207371500386458722/pdf/117581-WP-P159838-PUBLIC-ClimateSmartMiningJuly.pdf.
USGS (U.S. Geological Survey). 2021. U.S. Geological Survey 21st-Century Science Strategy 2020-2030. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1476. https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1476.
USGS. 2023a. USGS Annual Bureau Guidance for Fiscal Year 2024.
USGS. 2023b. Fiscal Year 2024 Annual Guidance for the Energy and Minerals Resources Mission Area.
USGS. 2024. Mineral Commodity Summaries 2024. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Publishing Office. https://doi.org/10.3133/mcs2024.
USGS. 2025. Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Publishing Office. https://doi.org/10.3133/mcs2025.
Van Gosen, B. S., and L. M. Choate. 2021. Reconnaissance Study of the Major and Trace Element Content of Bauxite Deposits in the Arkansas Bauxite Region, Saline and Pulaski Counties, Central Arkansas. U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211073.
Vikre, P., D. A. John, N. E. Wintzer, F. Koutz, F. Graybeal, C. Dail, and D. C. Annis. 2023. Critical Minerals in Subduction-Related Magmatic-Hydrothermal Systems of the United States. U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235082.
Watterson, J. R., G. B. Gott, G. J. Neuerburg, H. W. Lakin, and J. B. Cathrall. 1977. Tellurium, a guide to mineral deposits. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 8(1):31–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(77)90042-5.
Williams, C. 2024. Motivation for the Study. Presentation to the committee. March 27, 2024.
Wilson, C. 2019. The Status of the Geoscience Workforce 2018. American Geosciences Institute, Alexandria VA.
Woods, T. L., E. Roedder, and P. M. Bethke. 1982. Fluid-Inclusion Data on Samples from Creede, Colorado, in Relation to Mineral Paragenesis. U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82313.
Wyborn, L. A. I., C. A. Heinrich, and A. Jaques. 1994. Australian Proterozoic mineral systems: Essential ingredients and mappable criteria. Publication Series of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 5:109–115.
Wyoming State Geological Survey. 2024. Wyoming Geological Survey and USGS Announce Release of High-Resolution Geophysical Data for Central Wyoming. https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/WYSGS/bulletins/38a8e3f.
Young, M., ed. 2016. Unearthed: Impacts of the Tellus Surveys of the North of Ireland. Royal Irish Academy. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1g69w6r.
Zielonka, P., W. Białaszek, B. Dzik, and K. Wybrańczyk. 2021. How miners and other professional groups perceive the benefits and risks of hard coal mining: A study on the role of the affect heuristic. Frontiers in Psychology 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.656960.
This page intentionally left blank.