References

Campbell, J. L., R. Hull, and A. Maistros. (2018). Primer on the Joint Use of the Highway Safety Manual (HSM) and the Human Factors Guidelines (HFG) for Road Systems. NCHRP Project 20-07 [334]. Battelle, Columbus, OH. https://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/NCHRP/docs/NCHRP20-07_334Primer.pdf.

Charman, S., G. Grayson, S. Helman, J. Kennedy, O. de Smidt, B. Lawton, G. Nossek, L. Wiesauer, A. Furdos, V. Pelikan, P. Skladany, P. Pokorny, M. Matějka, and P. Tučka. (2010). Self-Explaining Roads: Literature Review and Treatment Information. SPACE project Deliverable 1.

Choi, E. H. (2010). Crash Factors in Intersection-Related Crashes: An On-Scene Perspective. (No. DOT HS-811 366). U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC.

Coury, B. G., V. S. Ellingstad, and J. M. Kolly. (2010). Transportation Accident Investigation: The Development of Human Factors Research and Practice. Reviews of Human Factors and Ergonomics, Vol. 6, No. 11: 1–33.

Dewar, R., and P. Olson. (2007). Human Factors in Traffic Safety (2nd ed.). Lawyers and Judges Publishing Company, Inc., Tucson, AZ.

Dingus, T. A., S. G. Klauer, V. L. Neale, A. Petersen, S. E. Lee, J. Sudweeks, M. A. Perez, J. Hankey, D. Ramsey, S. Gupta, C. Butcher, Z. R. Doerzaph, J. Jermeland, and R. R. Knipling. (2006). The 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study, Phase II-Results of the 100-Car Field Experiment (No. DOT-HS-810-593). U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC.

Dong, Y., and J. S. Wood. (2023). Evaluation of Crash Contributing Factors. engrXiv [Preprint]. https://doi.org/10.31224/2942.

Dunn, N. J., J. S. Hickman, and R. J. Hanowski. (2014). Crash Trifecta: A Complex Driving Scenario Describing Crash Causation. Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation, Vol. 3, No. 9: 369.

Edquist, J., and I. Johnston. (2008). Visual Clutter in Road Environments—What it Does, and What to do About It. 2008 Australasian Road Safety Research Policing and Education Conference, Adelaide, South Australia.

Falkmer, T., and N. P. Gregersen. (2005). A Comparison of Eye Movement Behavior of Inexperienced and Experienced Drivers in Real Traffic Environments. Optometry and Vision Science, Vol. 82, No. 8: 732–739.

Fambro, D. B., R. J. Koppa, D. L. Picha, and K. Fitzpatrick. (1998). Driver Perception-Brake Response in Stopping Sight Distance Situations. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1628: 1–7.

Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). (2009). Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD). U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). (2010). FHWA Highway Safety Improvement Program Manual. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). (2016). Strategic Highway Safety Plan (SHSP) Guidance. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Safety, Washington, DC.

Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). (2022a). Nighttime Visibility. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. https://highways.dot.gov/safety/other/visibility/nighttime-visibility.

Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). (2022b). Vulnerable Road User Safety Assessment. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. https://highways.dot.gov/sites/fhwa.dot.gov/files/2022-10/VRU%20Safety%20Assessment%20Guidance%20FINAL_508.pdf.

Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). (2022c). Corridor Access Management (U.S. DOT Report No. FHWA-SA-21-040). U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. https://highways.dot.gov/sites/fhwa.dot.gov/files/2022-06/12_Corridor%20Access%20Management_508.pdf.

Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). (2023a). HSIP State Reports: 2021. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. https://highways.dot.gov/safety/hsip/hsip-state-reports-2021.

Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). (2023b). Interactive Highway Safety Design Model (IHSDM): Overview. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. https://highways.dot.gov/research/safety/interactive-highway-safety-design-model/interactive-highway-safety-design-model-ihsdm-overview.

Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). (2023c). Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Analysis Tool (PBCAT). Highway Safety Information System (HSIS). U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. https://highways.dot.gov/research/pbcat/overview.

Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). (2024). Welcome to Road Weather Management. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/weather/.

Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). (n.d.a). Bicycle Safety Guide and Countermeasure Selection System (BIKESAFE). U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. http://www.pedbikesafe.org/bikesafe/

Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). (n.d.b). Developing CMFs. Crash Modification Factors Clearinghouse. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. www.cmfclearinghouse.org/developing_cmfs.cfm.

Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). (n.d.c). Pedestrian Safety Guide and Countermeasure Selection System (PEDSAFE). U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. http://www.pedbikesafe.org/PEDSAFE/.

Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). (n.d.d). Proven Safety Countermeasures. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. https://highways.dot.gov/safety/proven-safety-countermeasures.

Finkel, E., C. McCormick, M. Mitman, S. Abel, and J. Clark. (2020). Integrating the Safe System Approach with the Highway Safety Improvement Program: An Informational Report (No. FHWA-SA-20-018). U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Safety, Washington, DC.

Fitzpatrick, K., M. D. Wooldridge, O. Tsimhoni, J. M. Collins, P. Green, K. M. Bauer, I. B. Anderson, L. Elefteriadou, D. W. Harwood, N. Irizarry, R. Koppa, R. A. Krammes, J. McFadden, K. D. Parma, K. Passetti and B. Poggioli. (2000). Alternative Design Consistency Rating Methods for Two-Lane Rural Highways (No. FHWA-RD-99-172). U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

Francis, E. L., R. A. Tyrrell, and D. A. Owens. (2020). Perception Response Time and Its Misapplication: An Historical and Forensic Perspective. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science Vol. 21, No. 3: 327–346.

Garber, N. J., and M. Zhao. (2002). Crash Characteristics at Work Zones (VTRC 02-R12). Virginia Transportation Research Council, Charlottesville, VA.

Gartner, W. B., and M. R. Murphy. (1979). Concepts of Workload. In: B. O. Hartman and R. E. McKenzie (Eds.), Survey of Methods to Assess Workload. Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development (AGARD), USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks Air Force Base, TX.

Gawron, V. J. (2000). Human Performance Measures Handbook. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, Mahwah, NJ.

Gross, F. (2017). Highway Safety Improvement Program (HSIP) Evaluation Guide. FHWA-SA-17-039. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Safety, Washington, DC. https://highways.dot.gov/sites/fhwa.dot.gov/files/2022-06/fhwasa17039.pdf.

Habib, K., A. Shalkamy, and K. El-Basyouny. (2019). Investigating the Effects of Mental Workload on Highway Safety. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2673: 619–629.

Haddon, W. (1972). A Logical Framework for Categorizing Highway Safety Phenomena and Activity. Journal of Trauma, Vol. 12: 193–207.

Haddon, W. (1980). Advances in the Epidemiology of Injuries as a Basis for Public Policy. Public Health Reports, Vol. 95: 411–421.

Hamilton, D. B., C. R. Bierbaum, and L. A. Fulford. (1991). Task Analysis/Workload (TAWL). User’s Guide: Version 4.0 (Research Product 91-11). Anacapa Sciences, Inc., U.S. Army Research Institute, Aviation R&D Activity, U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, Fort Rucker, AL.

Harwood, D. W., D. J. Torbic, K. R. Richard, and M. M. Meyer. (2010). Safety Analyst TM: Software Tools for Safety Management of Specific Highway Sites. FHWA-HRT-10-063. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

Hauer, E. (1997). Observational Before-After Studies in Road Safety: Estimating the Effect of Highway and Traffic Engineering Measures on Road Safety. Emerald Group Publishing, Bingley, UK.

Hauer, E. (2020). Crash Causation and Prevention. Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 143: 105528.

Hills, B. L. (1980). Vision, Visibility, and Perception in Driving. Perception, Vol. 9: 183–216.

Kane, M. R., L. E. King, K. A. Buch, and M. L. Carpenter. (1999). Motorists’ Perception of Work Zone Safety. FHWA/NC-99-006. North Carolina Department of Transportation, Charlotte, NC.

Kiger, S., T. Rockwell, S. Niswonger, L. Tijerna, L. Myers, and T. Nygren. (1992). Heavy Vehicle Driver Workload Assessment – Task 3: Task Analysis Data Collection. DOT HS 808 467 [3]. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC.

Klauer, S. G., T. A. Dingus, V. L. Neale, J. D. Sudweeks, and D. J. Ramsey. (2006). The Impact of Driver Inattention on Near-Crash/Crash Risk: An Analysis Using the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study Data. DOT HS 810 594. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC.

Krammes, R. A., and S. W. Glascock. (1992). Geometric Inconsistencies and Accident Experience on Two-Lane Rural Highways. Transportation Research Record, No. 1356.

Krauss, D. A. (2015). Forensic Aspects of Driver Perception and Response. Lawyers and Judges Publishing Company, Inc., Tucson, AZ.

Lerner, N. D., R. E. Llaneras, H. W. McGee, S. Taori, and F. Alexander. (2003). NCHRP Report 488: Additional Investigations on Driver Information Overload. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC.

Li, Y., and Y. Bai. (2008). Comparison of Characteristics Between Fatal and Injury Accidents in the Highway Construction Zones. Safety Science, Vol. 46: 646–660.

Liu, C., and R. Subramanian. (2009). Factors Related to Fatal Single-Vehicle Run-Off-Road Crashes. DOT HS 811 232. National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Mathematical Analysis Division, U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC.

Liu, C., and T. J. Ye. (2011). Run-Off-Road Crashes: An On-Scene Perspective. HS 811 500. National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Mathematical Analysis Division, U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC.

Lunenfeld, H., and G. J. Alexander. (1990). A User’s Guide to Positive Guidance. FHWA-SA-90-017. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

Martens, M., S. Comte, and N. Kaptein. (1997). The Effects of Road Design on Speed Behaviour: A Literature Review. TNO Report TM 97 B021. TNO Human Factors Research Institute, the Netherlands.

Matthews, G., and L. Reinerman-Jones. (2017). Workload Assessment: How to Diagnose Workload Issues and Enhance Performance. Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Santa Monica, CA.

McLaughlin, S. B., J. M. Hankey, S. G. Klauer, and T. A. Dingus. (2009). Contributing Factors to Run-Off-Road Crashes and Near-Crashes. Report DOT HS 811 079. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Office of Human-Vehicle Performance Research, Washington, DC.

Messer, C. J. (1980). Methodology for Evaluating Geometric Design Consistency. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 757.

Messer, C. J., J. M. Mounce, and R. Q. Brackett. (1979). Highway Geometric Design Consistency Related to Driver Expectancy, Volume III, Methodology for Evaluating Geometric Design Consistency. Report No. FHWA/RD-81/037. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

Muttart, J. W. (2005). Estimating Driver Response Times. Handbook of Human Factors in Litigation. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

National Association of City Transportation Officials (NACTO). (2013). Urban Street Design Guide. Island Press, Washington, DC.

National Association of City Transportation Officials (NACTO). (2014). Urban Bikeway Design Guide. Island Press, Washington, DC.

National Center for Statistics and Analysis (NCSA). (2023a). Pedestrians: 2021 Data. Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 458. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC.

National Center for Statistics and Analysis (NCSA). (2023b). Bicyclists and Other Cyclists: 2021 Data. Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 484. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC.

National Committee for Injury Prevention and Control. (1989). Injury Prevention: Meeting the Challenge. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). (2008a). National Motor Vehicle Crash Causation Survey. Report to Congress. No. DOT HS 811 059. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). (2008b). Traffic Safety Facts 2008. DOT HS 811 170. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). (n.d.a). Bicycle Safety. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. https://www.nhtsa.gov/road-safety/bicycle-safety.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). (n.d.b). Crash Investigation Sampling System: Motor Vehicle Crash Data Collection. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). (n.d.c). Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS). U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. https://www.nhtsa.gov/research-data/fatality-analysis-reporting-system-fars.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). (n.d.d). National Automotive Sampling System. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC.

National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). (2004). Rear-End Collision and Subsequent Vehicle Intrusion into Pedestrian Space at Certified Farmer’s Market. Highway Accident Report TSB/HAR-04/04, PB2004-916204. National Transportation Safety Board, Washington, DC.

National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). (2009). Pedal Misapplication in Heavy Vehicles. Highway Special Investigation Report NTSB/SIR-09/02. National Transportation Safety Board, Washington, DC.

Olson, P. L., and M. Sivak. (1986). Perception-Response Time to Unexpected Roadway Hazards. Human Factors Vol. 28, No. 1: 91–96.

Olson, P. L., K. Campbell, D. Massie, D. S. Battle, E. C. Traube, T. Aoki, T. Sato, and L. C. Pettis. (1992). Performance Requirements for Large Truck Conspicuity Enhancements. Report No. UMTRI-92-8. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.

Permanent International Association of Road Congresses (PIARC). (2012). Human Factors in Road Design: Review of Design Standards in Nine Countries. World Road Association, Permanent International Association of Road Congresses, Paris, France.

Permanent International Association of Road Congresses (PIARC). (2016). Human Factors Guidelines for a Safer Man-Road Interface. World Road Association, Permanent International Association of Road Congresses, Paris, France.

Permanent International Association of Road Congresses (PIARC). (2019a). Road Safety Manual, a Guide for Practitioners: Planning, Design, and Evaluation. World Road Association, Permanent International Association of Road Congresses, Paris, France.

Permanent International Association of Road Congresses (PIARC). (2019b). Vulnerable Road Users: Diagnosis of Design and Operational Safety Problems and Potential Countermeasures. World Road Association, Permanent International Association of Road Congresses, Paris, France.

Pomerleau, D., T. Jochem, C. Thorpe, P. Batavia, D. Pape, J. Hadden, N. J. McMillan, N. Brown, and J. H. Everson. (1999). Run-Off-Road Collision Avoidance Using IVHS Countermeasures. DOT HS 809 170. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC.

Preston, H., R. Storm, J. D. Bennett, and B. Wemple. (2013). Systemic Safety Project Selection Tool. FHWA-SA-13-019. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

Pullen-Seufert, N. C., and W. L. Hall. (2008). The Art of Appropriate Evaluation: A Guide for Highway Safety Program Managers. DOT HS 811 061. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC.

Reason, J. (1995). Understanding Adverse Events: Human Factors. Quality in Health Care, Vol. 4: 80–89.

Reason, J., A. Manstead, S. Stradling, J. Baxter, and K. Campbell. (1990). Errors and Violations on the Roads: A Real Distinction? Ergonomics Vol. 33, No. 10–11: 1315–1332.

Rice, R. S., and F. Dell’Amico. (1974). An Experimental Study of Automobile Driver Characteristics and Capabilities. CALSPAN-ZS-5208-K-1. Calspan Corporation, Buffalo, NY.

Richard, C. M., and M. G. Lichty. (2013). Driver Expectations When Navigating Complex Interchanges. FHWA-HRT-13-048. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

Richard, C. M., J. L. Campbell, and J. L. Brown. (2006). Task Analysis of Intersection Driving Scenarios: Information Processing Bottlenecks. FHWA-HRT-06-033. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

Richard, C. M., K. Magee, P. Bacon-Abdelmoteleb, and J. L. Brown. (2018). Countermeasures that Work: A Highway Safety Countermeasure Guide for State Highway Safety Offices, Ninth Edition. DOT HS 812 478. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC.

Roadway Safety Foundation. (2024a). What is usRAP? United States Road Assessment Program, Washington, DC. http://www.usrap.org/what-usrap.

Roadway Safety Foundation. (2024b). Who Should Use usRAP? United States Road Assessment Program, Washington, DC. www.usrap.org/who-should-use-usrap.

Russell, E. R. (1998). Using Concepts of Driver Expectancy, Positive Guidance and Consistency for Improved Operation and Safety. 1998 Transportation Conference Proceedings.

Sando, T., and W. Hunter. (2014). Operational Analysis of Shared Lane Markings and Green Bike Lanes on Roadways with Speeds Greater than 35 Mph. BDK82-977-04. Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee, FL.

Shafer, M. A. (1996). Driver Mental Workload Requirements on Horizontal Curves Based on Occluded Vision Test Measurements. TTI-04690-2. Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, TX.

Signor, K., W. Kumfer, S. LaJeunesse, D. Carter, W. Smith, M. Scaringelli, and S. Deans. (2018). Safe Systems Synthesis: An International Scan for Domestic Application. UNC Highway Safety Research Center, Chapel Hill, NC.

Singh, S. (2015). Critical Reasons for Crashes Investigated in the National Motor Vehicle Crash Causation Survey. Traffic Safety Facts Crash Statistics Report No. DOT HS 812 506. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC.

Stuster, J. (2019). Task Analysis: How to Develop an Understanding of Work. Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Washington, DC.

Stuster, J., and R. Roesch. (2001). Salient Human Factors Issues Concerning the Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC). Technical Report for Naval Coastal Systems Station, Anacapa Sciences, Inc., Panama City, FL.

Summala, H. (1981). Drivers’ Steering Reaction to a Light Stimulus on a Dark Road. Ergonomics Vol. 24, No. 2: 125–131.

Theeuwes, J. (2021). Self-Explaining Roads: What Does Visual Cognition Tell Us About Designing Safer Roads? Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, Vol. 6: 1–15.

Theeuwes, J., and R. van der Horst. (2012). Designing Safe Road Systems: A Human Factors Perspective. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

Tignor, S. C. (2022). Quantification Metrics and Analysis of Human Factor, Workload, and Road Infrastructure. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2676: 773–784. https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981211033860.

Tignor, S. C. (2023). Enhancing Highway Functional Classifications with Road User Demands. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2677: 284–294. https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981231168102.

Tijerina, L., N. Browning, S. J. Mangold, E. F. Madigan, and J. A. Pierowicz. (1995a). Examination of Reduced Visibility Crashes and Potential IVHS Countermeasures. DOT HS 808 201. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC.

Tijerina, L., B. H. Kantowitz, S. M. Kiger, and T. H. Rockwell. (1995b). Driver Workload Assessment of In-Cab High Technology Devices. Proceedings: International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Vol. 1995: 330–342. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC.

Tijerina, L., S. Kiger, T. Rockwell, C. Tornow, J. Kinateder, and F. Kokkotos. (1996). Heavy Vehicle Driver Workload Assessment. Task 6, Baseline Data Study. DOT HS-808 467. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC.

Tijerina, L., F. S. Barickman, and E. N. Mazzae. (2004). Driver Eye Glance Behavior During Car Following. DOT-HS-809-723. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC.

Tivesten, E., and M. Dozza. (2015). Driving Context Influences Drivers’ Decision to Engage in Visual-Manual Phone Tasks: Evidence from a Naturalistic Driving Study. Journal of Safety Research, Vol. 53: 87–96.

Torbic, D. J., K. M. Bauer, C. A. Fees, D. W. Harwood, R. Van Houten, J. LaPlante, and N. Roseberry. (2014). NCHRP Report 766: Recommended Bicycle Lane Widths for Various Roadway Characteristics. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC.

Treat, J. R., N. S. Tumbas, S. T. McDonald, D. Shinar, and R. D. Hume. (1979). Tri-Level Study of the Causes of Traffic Accidents, Executive Summary. DOTHS034353579TAC [5]. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC.

Triggs, T. J., and W. G. Harris. (1982). Reaction Time of Drivers to Road Stimuli. Human Factors Report No. HFR-12. Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.

Tsyganov, A., R. Machemehl, and R. Harrison. (2002). Complex Work Zone Safety. FHWA/TX-03/4021-3. Texas Department of Transportation, Austin, TX.

Turanski, A., and L. Tijerina. (1996). Heavy Vehicle Driver Workload Assessment–Task 2: Standard Vehicle Configuration/Task Specifications. DOT HS 808 467 [2]. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/4058.

United States Army. (2014). Human Systems Integration. United States Army. https://www.army.mil/standto/archive/2014/12/17/.

Venkatraman, V., C. M. Richard, K. Magee, and K. Johnson. (2021). Countermeasures That Work: A Highway Safety Countermeasures Guide for State Highway Safety Offices. DOT HS 813 097. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC.

Victor, T., M. Dozza, J. Bärgman, C. N. Boda, J. Engström, C. Flannagan, J. D. Lee, and G. Markkula. (2015). Analysis of Naturalistic Driving Study Data: Safer Glances, Driver Inattention, and Crash Risk. SHRP 2 Report S2-S08A-RW-1. Strategic Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

Washington State Department of Licensing (WDL). (2022). Commercial Driver Guide. Olympia, WA. https://driving-tests.org/washington/wa-cdl-handbook/.

Welle, B., A. B. Sharpin, C. Adriazola-Steil, S. Alveano, M. Obelheiro, C. T. Imamoglu, S. Job, M. Shotten, and D. Bose. (2018). Sustainable and Safe: A Vision and Guidance for Zero Road Deaths. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC.

Wickens, C. D. (1992). Engineering Psychology and Human Performance. Harper Collins, New York, NY.

Wickens, C. D. (2008). Multiple Resources and Mental Workload. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Vol. 50: 449–455.

Wierwille, W. W., R. J. Hanowski, J. M. Hankey, C. A. Kieliszewski, S. E. Lee, A. Medina, A. S. Keisler, and T. A. Dingus. (2002). Identification and Evaluation of Driver Errors: Overview and Recommendations. FHWA-RD-02-003. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

Williams, K., V. G. Stover, K. Dixon, and P. Demosthenes. (2014). Access Management Manual, Second Edition. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

Wilson, E. M., and M. E. Lipinski. (2004). NCHRP Synthesis 336: Road Safety Audits. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC.

Xie, L., C. Wu, N. Lyu, and Z. Duan. (2019). Studying the Effects of Freeway Alignment, Traffic Flow, and Sign Information on Subjective Driving Workload and Performance. Advances in Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 5: 1687814019853690.

Zegeer, C., R. Srinivasan, B. Lan, D. Carter, S. Smith, C. Sundstrom, N. Thirsk, C. Lyon, B. Persaud, J. Zegeer, E. Ferguson, and R. Van Houton. (2017). NCHRP Research Report 841: Development of Crash Modification Factors for Uncontrolled Pedestrian Crossing Treatments. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.