A

Academic achievement, see School performance and failure

Acetylcholine (ACh), 246, 248, 249, 266-267

Acetylsalicylic acid, 531

Activational hormonal effects, 5, 6-7

Adaptive behavior

and brain damage, 14

models, 12, 21, 78-79

Additive genetic variance, 23, 42

Adolescents, see Juvenile offenders; Puberty

Adoption studies, 3, 27, 29, 30, 31, 34-39, 42-43, 45, 49, 94

alcohol abuse, 4, 37, 38, 40-41, 44

standardization of, 46

of unrelated siblings, 47

Adrenal hormones, 7, 8, 184, 189, 222-225

Adrenal medulla, 184, 193, 222-225

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 7, 182, 184, 211, 218

Affective defense behavior, 12, 61, 63, 69-78

Age, 79, 90

and schizophrenia, 81

Aggressiveness

animal models, 12, 62-79, 174-179, 209-214, 247-248

definitions of, 173-179, 247-248

drug effects on, 9

and epilepsy, 82-85

and fetal steroid exposure, 6

genetic influences, 2, 21-22

heterogeneity in, 179-180

hormonal influences, 6-7, 8, 180-229

and hypoglycemia, 16

neuroanatomical factors, 12

neurochemical influences, 9, 10, 11

Agonistic behavior, 21-22, 175, 192, 211

Alcohol use and abuse, 4, 82, 275, 520, 534

adoption studies, 4, 37, 38, 40-41, 44

and benzodiazepine receptors, 11

genetic influences, 3, 4, 24, 46

and hormonal mechanisms, 224, 226, 228

neurochemistry, 10, 256, 261

and neuroimaging results, 16

neuropsychologic factors, 13

in pregnancy, 14, 94-95

and sugar metabolism, 17, 524, 525

among violent offenders, 86

withdrawal management, 10, 270

Alprazolam, 277, 278

Aminergic hormones, 182

Amitriptyline, 273

Amphetamines, 9, 261

Amygdala, 12, 13, 60, 67, 88, 172, 256-257

Anabolic steroids, 7, 211, 220, 228

Androgens, 5-6, 7, 104, 184, 197, 205, 206, 207, 210, 211, 216-217, 221

Aneuploidy, 24, 26

Anger inventories, 221

Animal studies

aggressiveness, 12, 62-79, 174-179, 209-214, 247-248

genetic, 1, 4-5, 21-22

hormonal mechanisms, 5-7, 192, 194-197, 204-205, 209-214, 227

neurochemical, 8-9, 10, 11, 247-280 passim

physiologic, 12

Antiandrogens, 6, 7, 214, 216

Antianxiety drugs, see Anxiolytics

Anticonvulsants, 88

Antidepressants, 270, 271-275

Antihormones, 212, 214, 216

Antipsychotic drugs, 8-9, 10, 82, 268-271

Antisocial behavior, 82, 94, 205, 247, 528, 533

genetic influences, 3, 4, 30-39, 42-45, 47-48

Anxiolytics, 11, 275-276, 279, 280

Arecoline, 266

Arousal, 175

Assault, 43, 81, 180, 263, 277, 279

Attention deficit disorders (ADD), 14, 92, 93, 205, 247

and fetal alcohol exposure, 95

with hyperactivity (ADHD), 527-533, 535

Autism, 9-10

Autonomic functions, 12, 15

Aversiveness, 175-176

B

Barbiturates, 275

"Battered alcoholic syndrome,"; 224

Behavior studies, 1-2, 179-180, 227

food intake, 516-520

see also Adoption studies;

Animal studies;

Twin studies

Benzodiazepine

anxiolytics, 11, 270, 275-276, 277-278, 280

receptors, 11-12, 264, 276-279

Beta-blockers, 9-10, 255, 279-280

Blood samples, 185, 188, 248

Bodily rhythms, 188, 221-222, 249

See also Circadian rhythms;

Menstrual cycle;

Seasonal rhythms

Body image, 6

Brain, see Hypothalamus; Left-hemisphere dysfunction; Neuroanatomic networks; Neurobiologic mechanisms; Neurochemical mechanisms; Neuroimaging; Neuropsychologic assessment; Periaqueductal gray matter; Psychophysiologic assessment

Brain damage, 12, 13, 14, 96, 97, 270, 279

and alcohol abuse, 82

and epilepsy, 83-84

and psychophysiologic testing, 15, 93

among violent offenders, 86

Broad sense heritability, 23

Buserelin, 212

Buspirone, 279

Buss-Durkee scale, 217-218

Butyrophenones, 269

C

Carbachol, 267

Castration, 214

Catecholamines (CA), 249-255

Cats, 12, 61, 62-78, 250, 257, 266-267

Cerebral palsy, 93

"Chemical restraints,"; 9, 268

Child abuse, 93, 94, 247

Child molesters, see Pedophiles

Children, 92-93

conduct-disordered, 15, 270

diet and hyperactivity, 16-17, 518, 527-533

drug treatment of, 270

noninvasive examination techniques, 92

punishment, 180

see also Child abuse;

Developmental issues and anomalies;

Fetal development;

Juvenile offenders;

Parent-child relations

Chimpanzees, 214

Chlordiazepoxide, 276, 277, 278

Cholesterol, 24, 533-534

Cholinergic drinking, 246

Chromosomal anomalies, 24, 26

Circadian rhythms, 10, 206, 221, 252, 253

CI 680, 212

Clomipramine, 273

Clonazepam, 278

Clonidine, 10

Clozapine, 271

Cocaine, 9

maternal use, 14, 95

Cockerel, 204

Cognition and intelligence, 3, 13-14, 79, 91-93, 97

and diet, 531

and epilepsy, 85

and event-related brain potentials, 15

and fetal toxin exposure, 95

genetic influences, 1-2, 3, 26-27, 46, 47

and lead poisoning, 14, 94

and neuroimaging, 16

''Cold calculated" aggression, see Predatory behavior

Common environmental variance, 22-23

Communication skills, 13-14, 92, 93

and hormonal mechanisms, 224-225

Computerized tomography (CT), 15, 81, 87

Concussion, 14

Conduct disorder, 15, 39, 247, 270

Conflict Tactics Scale, 221

Correlational studies, 518-519

Corticopin releasing factor (CRF), 184

Corticosterone, 7

Cortisol, 7, 208, 218, 219

Counseling, 228

Criminal behavior, 3-4, 179-180, 261

genetic influences, 2, 3-4, 32-38, 40-41

hormonal influences, 206, 208, 222-223

and neuroimaging results, 16

as a neuropsychiatric disorder, 80-81

neuropsychologic factors, 13, 86-87

and psychophysiologic studies, 14-15, 91-92

see also Juvenile offenders

Cyproterone acetate, 212, 216

D

Data collection, see National registries; Surveys

Defensive behavior, 174, 276

animal studies, 12, 61, 62, 69-78, 177-178

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHAS), 218

Delinquency, see Juvenile offenders

Dementia, 247

Denmark, 3, 33-36, 37

Depression, 247, 261, 269, 271, 520

Developmental issues and anomalies, 92-95

hormonal influences, 194-208

and psychophysiologic testing, 15

see also Fetal development;

Puberty

Diabetic pregnancies, 197

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IIIR), 247

Diary surveys, 221

Diazepam, 276, 277, 278

Diet, see Nutrition and diet

Dietary challenge studies, 520

Dietary replacement studies, 519-520

Dopamine (DA), 8-9, 246, 248, 249, 250-251, 252, 253

receptor agonists, 254-255, 271

receptor antagonists, 8-9, 255, 268

"1-Dopa rage,"; 253-254

Down's syndrome, 247

Dropouts, 13

Drug abuse, 224, 520

among violent offenders, 86

genetic influences, 45, 46

neuropsychologic factors, 13

and schizophrenia, 81

see also Alcohol use and abuse;

Amphetamines;

Cocaine;

Hallucinogens

Drugs, see Pharmacological interventions

E

Eating disorders, 92

"Ecstasy," 261

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 87-88

Electroencephalogram (EEG) testing, 14, 15, 17, 81, 93

Empathy training, 228

Endocrine mechanisms, see Hormonal mechanisms

Endorphins, 182

Enkephalins, 182

Environmental influences, 1, 49, 50

and genetic factors, 1, 2-5, 22-23, 31, 39, 44-47

Environmental toxins, 14

Enzyme immunoassay, 185

Epidemiologic studies

neuropsychologic impairment, 14

seizure disorders, 84

Epilepsy, 12, 13, 82-85, 217, 247, 270

Epinephrine, 8, 206, 208, 222-223

"Episodic dyscontrol" syndrome, 59, 63, 71, 88, 247, 270, 533

Estradiol, 214, 218

Estrogen, 5, 6, 184, 210, 214

Ethanol, see Alcohol use and abuse

Ethical issues, hormonal treatments, 228-229

Ethnicity, see Race and ethnicity

"Eve,"; 261

Event-related brain potentials (ERPs), 15, 91-92

Evolutionary models, 12, 21, 47-48

Experimental studies, 179, 518-520

Explosive aggression, 12, 247, 270, 533

F

Families

criminality in, 205

and diet, 17, 518

homicide within, 48

social learning of violence in, 2-3

see also Adoption studies;

Pedigree studies;

Twin studies

Fearless personality, 15

Feingold, Benjamin, 531-532

Females, 92

fetal development, 5-6

homicide rates, 90

menstrual cycle, 91, 222

Fetal development, 93

and alcohol use, 14, 94-95

and drug use, 5-6, 14, 95

hormones and, 5-6, 194-204, 209

Fighting, 184, 204

Filicide, 48

Finland, 24

5-a-Reductase deficiency syndrome, 197, 206

5-HT, 246, 248, 255-264, 271, 279, 280

"Flight-fight" syndrome, 9

Fluorometric assays, 185

Fluoxetine, 272

Fluphenazine deconate, 270

Flutamide, 216

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 205, 218

Food additives, 17

and hyperactivity, 531-533

Food intake, see Nutrition and diet

G

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and receptors, 11-12, 248, 249, 264-266, 276-280

Gender differences, 79, 90-91, 180

brain development and structure, 6, 90-91

hormone-influenced, 5-6

preoptic brain development, 6

see also Females;

Males

Genetic influences, 1-5, 21-23, 39-50, 93-94

animal studies, 1, 4-5, 21-22

antisocial behavior, 3, 4, 30-39, 42-45, 47-48

chromosomal anomalies, 24, 26

environmental factors, 1, 2-5, 22-23, 31, 39, 44-47

juvenile antisocial behavior, 3, 30-31, 42, 44

Mendelian disorders, 24, 25

personality traits, 2, 26-30, 46

and race, 48-50

research needs, 46-47

Genetic markers, 2

Genetic variance, 22, 23

Genital development, 5, 6

Gepirone, 279

Glucocorticoids, 7

Glucose metabolism, 15, 16, 263, 521-522

Golden hamster, 204

Gonadotropins, 183, 184, 216

Graham, Sylvester, 516

Guinea pigs, 204

H

Hallucinogens, 11, 261

Haloperidol, 82

Head injuries, 14, 84, 93, 96

Heart rates, 15, 17, 227

Heritability, see Genetic influences

Heritability of liability, 23

Hermaphroditism, 197, 206

Home environment, see Families

Homicide, 43, 48, 90, 93, 180, 277

Hormonal mechanisms, 1, 5-8, 180-229

and bodily rhythms, 10, 206, 221-222

and communication, 224-225

definitions, 182-184

developmental issues, 194-208

endogenous changes, 185

exgenous modification, 185, 197

feedback, 189-190, 191

fetal development, 5-6, 194-204, 209

and neuroimaging, 16

and perception, 223-224, 226

research needs, 226-229

and stress, 225-226

structure, 186-187

therapies, 173, 185, 214, 216, 228

see also Peptides;

Steroids

Human growth hormone, 228

Hyperactivity, 17, 205, 208, 270, 273

and food additives, 531-533

and lead poisoning, 94, 535

and sugar intake, 519, 520, 527-531

Hypercholesterolemia, 24

Hypoglycemia, 16, 17, 521-522, 523-524

Hypothalamus, 12, 13, 61-73 passim, 88, 209, 218-219, 247, 256, 272

Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, 183-184, 193,212, 218

Hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG)

axis, 183, 193, 212

I

Imaging techniques, see Computerized tomography; Magnetic resonance imaging; Neuroimaging; Positron emission tomography; Regional cerebral blood flow techniques

Imipramine, 273

Impulsivity and impulse control, 10, 46, 205, 261, 271

Incarceration

drug management, 277

inmate studies, 15, 217, 252

India, 12, 88

Infanticide, 48

Information processing (cognitive), 15, 91-92

Insulin, 17, 533

Intelligence, see Cognition and intelligence

Intentionality, 175

Intermittent explosive disorder, see "Episodic dyscontrol" syndrome

Intrauterine location, 195-196

Involuntary acts, 59

Iowa, 38-39, 45

Ipsapirone, 279

J

Japan, 12, 88

Johns Hopkins University-NIMH preventive intervention project, 97-99

Juvenile offenders

dietary improvement, 252

fetal alcohol exposure, 95

genetic influences, 3, 30-31, 42, 44

neuropsychiatric studies, 86

psychophysiologic studies, 15, 93

psychosurgical procedures on, 88

K

Kellogg, John Harvey, 516

Korsakoff's disorder, 279

L

Language processing, 13-14, 87, 91

Lead poisoning, 535

cognitive effects, 14, 94

Left-hemisphere dysfunction, 13, 87, 91

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 247

Liability, 23, 31, 46

Limbic system, 12-13, 59-73 passim, 74, 77, 80-81, 87, 88, 93, 96, 247

Lithium, 271, 273-275

Longitudinal studies, 220-221

Lorazepam, 277

Luteinizing hormone (LH), 182, 183, 184, 204, 205, 212, 218, 219

M

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 15, 16, 81, 227

Maladaptive behavior, 78-79

Males, 6, 79, 90, 92-93, 96, 221

fetal development, 5-6

homicide rates, 90

hormonal cycles, 222

schizophrenic, 81, 82

Mania, 247

Marmosets, 197

Meat eating, 515-516

Medication, see Pharmacological interventions

Medroxyprogesterone, 217

Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), 197, 216

Melanocyte stimulating hormones, 211

Mendelian disorders, 24, 25

Mendelian Inheritance in Man (MIM)

database, 24, 25

Menstrual cycle, 91, 222

Mental illness, see Neuropsychiatric disorders

Mental retardation, 247, 270, 277, 279

drug therapy, 9-10

Methylphenidates, 273

Mice, 5-6, 21-22, 177, 194, 195-196, 204, 209-211, 212, 255-226, 249-251, 256, 257, 264-266, 277

Midazolam, 277

Models, see Animal studies

Mongolian gerbil, 204

Monkeys, 60, 77, 205, 253, 260-261

Monoamine oxidase-A, 24

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, 271

Mood changes, 205-206, 219

Multifactorial models, 23, 46-47

Murderers, 86, 261, 533.

See also Homicide

Muscarinic receptor activity, 266-267

N

Nadolol, 280

Narrow-sense heritability, 23

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 97

National registries, 84, 96-97, 99

Scandinavian countries, 4, 96

"Nature versus nurture" debates, 2

Nervous system, see Autonomic functions

Neuroanatomic networks, 1, 12-13, 14, 60-62

in cats, 62-73, 74, 77-78

Neurobiologic mechanisms, 1, 59-62

research needs, 95-99

Neurochemical mechanisms, 1, 5-12, 14, 248-249

Neurodevelopmental issues, see Developmental issues and anomalies

Neuroendocrinology, 181-182

Neeroimaging, 1, 13, 14, 15-16

Neuroleptics, 269-271

Neuromodulators, 246

Neuropsychiatric disorders, 59, 61, 80-87, 247

treatment, 87-90

Neuropsychologic assessment, 13-14

and neuroimaging, 16

Neurotransmitters and receptors, 8-12, 73, 75-76, 77-78, 181-182, 209, 246, 248-267

hormonal, 5-8

Nicotine, 10, 267

Nonadrenergic feeding, 246

Noradrenergic receptor blockers, 272-273

Norepinephrine (NE), 8, 9-10, 208, 212, 222-223, 246, 248, 249-250, 251-252, 253

Norway, 32-33

Nutrition and diet, 10, 16-17, 515-516, 535

food additives, 17, 531-533

research methodology, 516-520

sugar intake, 16-17, 520-531

see also Hypoglycemia

O

Obsessive-compulsive disorders, 256, 273

Offenders, see Criminal behavior; Incarceration

Opiates, 10, 77, 270

maternal use, 14, 94

Opioid peptides, 73, 77, 226

Organ weights, 185, 188

Organic brain disease, 279

Organizational hormonal effects, 5-6

Oxazepam, 276, 277, 278

P

"Paradoxical rage," 11, 273, 277-278, 280

Paranoid psychosis, 9

Parent-child relations, 6, 23, 47

PCP (phencyclidine), 82

Pedigree studies, 46

Pedophiles, 24, 46, 87

Peer relations, 6

Peptides, 1, 182, 193, 226, 246

Perception, 46, 223-224, 226

Periaqueductal gray matter (PAG), 61-73 passim, 78

Personality disorders, 10, 263, 533

Personality traits, 2, 26-30, 46

Pharmacological interventions, 1, 12, 87-88, 249, 268-280

antidepressants, 270, 271-275

antipsychotics, 8-9, 10, 82, 268-271

anxiolytics, 11, 275-276, 279, 280

beta-blockers, 9-10, 255, 279-280

criticisms of, 89-90, 268

dopamine receptor antagonists, 8-9, 255, 268

hormonal, 173, 185, 214, 216, 228

serotonin receptor antagonists, 10, 11, 259, 271, 272-273, 275

Phenothiazines, 269, 271

Pheromones, 212

Pindolol, 280

Piperidylalkylphenothiazines, 270

Plea bargaining, 180

Positron emission tomography (PET), 14, 15, 16, 81, 86, 87

Postpartum psychoses, 48

Poverty, 79, 90, 92, 93, 96, 205

Predatory behavior, 174, 254-255, 256, 258

animal studies, 12, 61, 62-63, 64-69, 73, 74, 177-178

Prefrontal cortex, 13

Premenstrual tension (PMT), 7, 180, 222

Prenatal development, see Fetal development

Preoptic brain area, 6, 209

Preschool play group studies, 179

Preventive interventions, 97-99

Primates, 6, 7, 10, 60, 77, 174, 196-197, 204-205, 212, 214, 215, 227

Prison, see Incarceration

Progesterone, 216

Progestogen-estrogen treatments, 197

Prolactin, 205

Propranolol, 279-280

Prospective studies, 14

Psychoactive drugs, 246

Psychopathology, 174, 279

genetic influences, 2, 46

psychophysiologic characteristics, 15, 91-92

and substance abuse, 9, 11, 82

Psychophysiologic assessment, 14-15, 91-92

and neuroimaging, 16

Psychosurgery, 12-13, 84-85, 88-89, 90

Psychotherapy, 228

P300 wave, 15

Puberty, 204-208, 227

Q

Quantitative genetic studies, 2-5

R

Race and ethnicity

genetic influences, 48-50

Radioimmunoassay, 185

Rape, 43, 179

Rating scales, 221

Rats, 12, 21, 178-179, 194, 212, 225-226, 250, 251, 253, 256, 257, 267

Red deer, 212

Regional cerebral blood flow (RCBF) techniques, 15, 81, 86

Registries, see National registries

Reitan neuropsychologic battery, 86

Repeat offenders, 80, 208

Repetitive rapists, 24, 46

Reproductive strategies, 47-48

Research needs

genetic influences, 46-47

seizure disorders, 83-85

sugar consumption, 526-527

Rhesus monkeys, 6, 196-197, 205, 277

Riots, 179

Risk perception, 46

r/K strategies, 47-48

Rodents, 4-5, 21-22, 77, 209, 211, 213, 225-226

S

Sadism, 87, 175

Saliva, 188

Scandinavian countries, 4, 45, 214

Schizophrenia, 81-82, 89, 92, 246, 247

drug therapy, 9-10, 217, 268, 279

parental, 94

School performance and failure, 205

and fetal toxin exposure, 95

genetic influences, 2

and lead poisoning, 94

and neuropsychologic deficits, 13-14, 97-99

Seasonal affective disorders, 92

Seasonal rhythms, 10, 188, 221

Sedatives, see Anxiolytics

Seizure disorders, 13, 24, 81, 84, 85, 93, 96

research needs, 83-85

see also Epilepsy

Sensation seeking, 46

Serial killers, 79

Serotonin, 10-11, 82, 246, 249, 255-264

receptor-blocking drugs, 10, 11, 259, 271, 272-273, 275

Sex, see Females; Gender differences; Males

Sex chromosome aneuploidy, 24, 26

Sex hormones, see Androgens; Estrogen; Steroids

Sex offenders, 41, 88

antiandrogen therapy, 7, 214, 216

neuropsychology, 87

Sex-cycle rhythms, 188, 221

Siblings, 22-23, 47.

see also Twin studies

Skin conductance, 15

Smoking, 267

in pregnancy, 14, 95

withdrawal management, 10

Snails, 176

Social attitudes, 2

Social learning, 2-3, 14, 196

Social signals, 223-225

Socioeconomic status, 79, 90, 92, 93

and epilepsy, 85

and schizophrenia, 81

Somatotropic hormone, 205

Spinal cord, 61-62

Spinal punctures, 248-249

Sports, 179, 180, 219

Steroids, 1, 5-7, 183-184, 193, 205, 208-222, 246

anabolic, 7, 211, 220, 228

Stilbestrol, 214

Stimulants, 9, 270

Stress, 225-226

and hormonal levels, 7, 8

and serotonin levels, 7, 10

studies of, 179

Sugar consumption, 16-17, 520-531

and hyperactivity, 519, 520, 527-531

research needs, 526-527

see also Hypoglycemia

Suicide, 256, 261, 271

Surgery

castration, 214

on hormonal glands, 185, 192

see also Psychosurgery

Surveys, 97

Sweden, 36-38

T

Tamarinds, 197

Tamoxifen, 212, 216

Tardive dyskinesias, 270, 271

Temper tantrums, 277, 278

Temperament, 2

Testosterone, 5-7, 189, 194, 195-197, 205, 206, 211, 216, 217, 219, 222

Thioridazine, 270

Thioxanthines, 269

Thyroid, 184, 205

Tobacco use, in pregnancy, 14, 95

Tomography, see Computerized tomography; Positron emission tomography

Tourette's syndrome, 247

Toxemic pregnancies, 197

Treatment interventions, 87-90

Tricyclics, 271, 272, 273

Twin studies, 3, 27, 29, 30-31, 32-34, 39, 41, 42, 45, 49

standardization of, 46

"Twinkie defense,"; 520-521

U

Unique environmental variance, 22-23

United Kingdom, 226

Unverricht and Lundborg myoclonus epilepsy, 24

Urban areas, 44, 45

Urine samples, 248

V

Verbal abilities and deficits, 13-14

Vertical environmental transmission, 23

W

"Wandering tendency," 88

White, Dan, 520-521

Winning, 7, 219-220

Withdrawal states, 10

X

X-linked disorders, 24

XYY syndrome, 24, 26