A

Abiotic stress, 136

Acacia, 176

Acritarchs, 26

Adaptation

human genus, 234-241

land mammals, 185-205

Adaptive radiation, 10-15, 42

Aerobic metabolism, 26

Aerobic organisms, 21-31

Africa, 123, 130, 189

human genus origin, 234-241

Alaska, 121, 157-158

North Slope, 159

Albedo, 9

Algae, 26

Allocasuarina, 181

Allopatry, 226

Amebomastigotes, 28

American West, 127

Ammonites, 50, 60

Amphicyonids, 192

Anaerobic organisms, 21-31

Angiosperms, 8, 150, 151, 157-158, 166, 167

Anoxia, 39-42

Antarctic Circumpolar Current, 5-6, 168, 178, 201

Antarctica, 5-6, 8-9, 97, 103, 111, 164-168, 175, 185, 201

Antelopes, 124, 240

Antilocapridae, 192

Araucarians, 164

Arboreal habitat, 234-241

Arboreal mammals, 189

Arctic, 121

Arid regions, 176-177

Aridity, 123, 191, 194

Arkansas River, 58

Armadillos, 195

Artiodactyls, 96, 190, 191, 200

Ash, 139

Asia, 130, 192

Atlantic Coastal Plain, 129

Australia, 5, 13, 24, 164

flora and climatic changes, 174-182

Australian Plate, 174

Australopithecus, 12, 234-241

Avatars, 135

Axial Basin, 58

B

Baboons, 239

Bahamas, 121, 123

Baltoscania, 36-39

Banded iron formations, 22

Bears, 192, 195

Beavers, 192

Bennettitaleans, 164

Benthic foraminifera, 94-105, 121, 200, 211

Bering land bridge, 188

Bering Strait, 121

Beringia, 188

Biomass, 95, 141

Biomes

land mammal biomes, 189-195

Biostratigraphy, 74, 96, 119, 185, 198

Biotas, see Ecosystems;

Fauna;

Flora

Biozones, 49, 50-53, 59-60

Birch, 224

Bivalves, 10, 50, 120

Black Sea, 212

Bogota, Colombia, 123

Bolide impacts, 8-9, 57, 63-64, 95, 101

Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction, 73-91, 97

Boulder, Colorado, 57

Bovids, 200

Brachiopods, 13, 15, 35, 42-43

Brain anatomy, 241

Brain size and development

human genus origin, 234-241

Brazos, Texas, 83-84

Breakpoints, 142, 148

Bridge Creek Limestone, 60

Browsers, 13, 190-193

Bryophytes, 157

Buoyancy flux, 111

C

Calcareous nannoplankton, 78-79

Calcium carbonate tests, 212

California, 40, 193

Camels, 192

Capybaras, 125, 195

Caravaca, Spain, 82-83

Carbon, 8, 56, 129

Carbon capture, 169

Carbon dioxide, 26, 43, 112, 127

Carbon isotopes, 3, 30, 87-88, 95, 100, 102, 240

Carbonate dissolution, 75-76

Cardiocarpus, 141

Caribbean, 54, 58, 121

Carnivores, 190-195

Cascade Range, 119

Caspian Sea, 212

Casuarina, 181

Catastrophism, 8-9

Cats, 193

Cenogram, 189

Cheetahs, 239

Chelation, 136

Chemical weathering, 103, 129

Chenopod scrub, 176

Chert, 24

Chimpanzees, 234, 236, 239

China, 41-42, 123, 130, 199

Chitinozoans, 43

Chlamytheres, 195

Chronofaunas, 185-205

Chronostratigraphy, 49, 58, 59, 74, 185

Circulatory systems, 29

Clay, 103

Climacograptids, 41

CLIMAP, 126

Climate curves, 148-149

Climatic changes, 4-15

Australia flora and climatic changes, 174-182

coal swamp ecosystems, 140, 147-149

Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction, 72-91

Eocene-Oligocene, 5-8

human genus origin, 240-241

Neogene ice age, biotic effects, 119-123

terminal Paleocene mass extinction, 94-105

Climatic forcing factors, 110, 127

Climatic stability, 108-115

Cloud, Preston, 21

Coal, 134-152, 157, 166

Coal balls, 135-147

Coal seams, 136-138

Coal swamp, 10, 11

climatic change effects, 134-152

Coelenterates, 29

Coevolution, 21

Collagen manufacture, 29

Colombia, 53, 54, 57

Colorado Plateau, 127

Complex Mesophyll Vine Forest, 176

Compression floras, 149

Concretions, 136

Condylarthra, 190

Conifers, 157-158, 164, 167

Conodonts, 43

Continental growth, 24

Continental margins, 201

Continental red beds, 22-23

Continental shelf, 73-91, 101

Convergence, 193

Corals, 10, 111, 113

Cordaites, 141, 145

Coriolis deflection, 36

Coryphodontidae, 190

Craton, 147-148

Creodonta, 190

Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction, 73-91, 97

Cryosphere, 9-10

Cyanobacteria, 24

Cycads, 157-159, 164

Cyclostratigraphy, 50, 58

Cypress, 124, 190

D

Dark shale, 39

Darwin, Charles, 182

Deep dwellers, 87-90

Deep mantle outgassing, 49, 62, 63

Deep-sea

Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction, 73-91, 97

Paleocene mass extinction, 94-105

Deep-Sea Drilling Project (DSDP), 84, 95, 167

Deep water, 39-42, 102, 111, 130

see also North Atlantic deep water

Deep-sea cores, 119

Deer, 194, 199

Delayed recovery, 13-15

Demes, 229

Dermopterans, 190

Desert, 119

Detrivores, 139

Diagenesis, 23, 56

Diamictites, 35

Dinocerata, 190

Discoasters, 97

Disseminules, 140

Dob's Linn, Scotland, 39

Domed swamps, 136

Drake Passage, 201

Dust, 120, 127, 128

Dysaerobism, 102

E

Ecomorphs, 139, 140, 146, 189

Ecosystems, 10-15, 80

coal swamp ecosystems, 134-152

high-resolution stratigraphy, research needs, 16

land mammals (Cenozoic), 185-205

planktonic foraminifera, 211-212

plant communities (Quaternary), 221-229

Ecotones, 137, 141, 224

Edaphic constraints, 138, 151, 178

Ediacaran fauna, 28, 29

El Kef, Tunisia, 4, 75, 76, 77, 80-82

Elephas, 199

Ellesmere Island, 190

Emergent properties, 135

England, 53, 143

Entamebas, 28

Environmental tolerances of organisms, 113-113, 212

Eolian transport, 192

Epicontinental sea, 58

Epifaunal forms, 96

Equisetites, 159, 164

Equus, 199

Ericridaceae, 176

Ethiopia, 123

Eubrontothere, 191

Eucalyptus, 176-178

Euglenids, 28

Eukaryotes, 24-25, 26, 28

Europe, 54, 120, 123, 124, 188, 190, 198

Euryhaline, 218

Eustasy, 148

Evaporation, 110

Evolution, 10, 151-152, 179

Australia flora and climatic change, 174-182

high latitude vegetation (Cretaceous/Cenozoic), 157-169

human genus, 234-241

late Paleocene, 95-96

oxygen and proterozoic evolution, 21-31

Quaternary, 226-229

research needs, 16

Exercise metabolism, 29

Extinction, 11-12, 123, 168

coal swamp ecosystems, 141-146

see also Mass extinction

Extra-terrestrial impacts, see Bolide impacts

F

Fauna, 10-15, 78, 95-96

Gulf of Mexico biotic response to deglaciation, 210-218

land mammal chronofaunas, 185-205

Ediacaran, 28, 29

Ordovician glaciation and marine fauna, 35-44

Ferns, 136, 137, 157-158, 164-167

Floods, 136, 139

Flora, 8, 11, 80, 123, 136, 235, 240-241

Australia flora and climatic changes, 174-182

compression, 149

cryptogamic, 168

deciduous versus evergreen, 167-168

fauna-flora feedback loop, 192

grassland savanna in North America, 193-194

vegetation change in late Quaternary, 221-229

Florida, 120, 194

Flowering plants, 136

Foliar physiognomy, 178

Forest, 10, 11, 123, 136, 157, 240-241

closed forest system, 175-176

land mammal habitat, North America, 189-190

open forest system, 176

Quaternary, 224

see also Rain forest

France, 53

Functional morphology, 3

Fungi, 157, 166

Fusain, 139, 141

G

Gastropods, 120

Gauss Chron, 123

Gazelles, 191

Gebel Zelten, Libya, 200

Gene pool, 175

General Circulation Model (GCM), 3-4

atmospheric, 110, 114

oceanic, 111, 114, 127

Geochronometry, 49, 186

Giardia, 26-27

Ginkgophytes, 157-159

Glaciation and deglaciation, 4-8, 29, 148, 201, 203

Gulf of Mexico biotic response to deglaciation, 210-218

Ordovician glaciation and marine fauna, 35-44

Quaternary vegetation change, 221-229

see also Ice ages

Global cooling, 43

Global warming, 48-64, 89

terminal Paleocene mass extinction, 94-105

Globigerina falconensis, 215

Globigerinoides ruber, 213-218

Globorotalia inflata, 214-215

Globorotalia menardii, 215

Glyptodonts, 195

Gondwanaland, 7, 176

Ordovician glaciation and marine fauna, 35-44

Grande Coupure, 198

Granite, 23

Graptolites, 4, 8, 15, 35-44

Grassland, 10, 123, 125, 166, 240-241

Grazers, 189, 193

Great Basin, 50, 58, 119, 194

Great Plains, 125

Greenhouse world, 5, 48-64, 103, 156, 178, 200

Greenland, 9, 119, 166, 212

Ground sloths, 195

Gulf of California, 212

Gulf of Mexico, 210-218

Gulf of Aden, 211

Gulf Stream, 37, 120

Gymnosperms, 136, 141

Gymnostoma, 181

H

Habitat, 141, 143-147

Habitat destruction, 87-90

Heath scrub, 176

Hepatics, 164

Herbivores, 191

Heterotrophs, 27, 28

Hiatus patterns, 76, 90, 95

High latitudes, 8, 80, 86, 90, 103, 119

vegetation and climate (Cretaceous/Cenozoic), 156-169

High-resolution stratigraphy, 2, 4, 49, 58, 74, 95, 97, 185, 212

research needs, 16

Himalayan Plateau, 199

Hipparion, 199

Hippopotamus, 193

Hirnantia, 7, 15, 37-44

Hominoids, 200

Homo, 12, 48, 234-241

Horses, 191, 192, 195, 198-199, 203

Humans, 234-241

Humboldt Current, 36

Humerofemoral index, 236

Hyaenids, 194

Hyaenodontidae, 190

Hydrogenosomes, 27

Hydrothermal activity, 103

Hyenas, 239

Hypselodonty, 189

Hypsodonty, 189, 191

I

Ice ages, 109-110, 240-241

Neogene, biotic effects, 118-130

see also Glaciation and deglaciation

Icehouse world, 5, 156, 186, 200

Iceland, 121

India, 199-200

Indian Ocean, 211

Individualism, 135

Insectivores, 190, 191

Insolation, 129

Interdisciplinary research, 2-3

research needs, 15-16

Intermediate dwellers, 87-90

Iridium, 54, 56, 62, 80, 83

Iron, 24, 29, 39-42

Isospores, 151

Isotopes, 29-30

Isthmus of Panama, 120, 126, 127

J

James Ross Island, 164

Jaramillo magnetic reversal, 123

K

Karsts, 35

Kinetoplastids, 27

King George Island, 167

L

Lagarostrobus, 164, 165, 166

Lagomorphs, 191

Land bridges, 188, 199-200

Landscape, 139, 141-147

Lauraceae, 181

Leaf physiognomy, 5, 157, 164

roseaceous, 165

Leopards, 239

Lepidodendrids, 141, 146

Leptomeryx, 191

Lichens, 168

Light, 157

Lignotubers, 176

Limestone, 60

Lions, 239

Locomotion, 238

Loess, 122, 130

Low latitudes, 80, 86, 90

Lucy skeleton, 236

Lycopods, 10, 157

Lycopsids, 136, 137, 139, 141, 143, 146

Lycospora, 146

Lyginopteris, 143-145

M

Macedonia, 123

Macroscopic animals, 28

Magnetochron 24 R, 96

Magnetostratigraphy, 49, 123

Malaysia, 236

Mallee vegetation, 176

Mammals, 10, 12-13, 95-96, 123

Cenozoic faunas, 185-205

Mammoths, 195

Manganese, 39-42

Mangroves, 111

Marattialeans, 151

Mass extinction, 4-5, 7-8, 9

Cenomanian-Turonian, 4, 48-64, 69-71

Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction, 72-91

land mammal rapid turnover episodes, 186-188

Ordovician glaciation and marine fauna, 35-44

Pennsylvanian coal swamps, 146

research needs, 16

terminal Paleocene, 94-105

Mats, 164

Matuyama Chron, 123

Maud Rise, Antarctica, 99, 167

Mediterranean, 120, 123, 127, 211

Meltwater, 7, 213-214

Merychippus, 192

Mesohippus, 191

Mesophytic flora, 149

Metabolites, 168

Metasequoia, 165

Micromammals, 124

Microsporidia, 26

Migration, 10, 221, 227

North America land mammal immigration (Cenozoic), 185-205

research needs, 16

Milankovitch climate cycles, 4-5, 50, 58, 60

Mineral charcoal, 139

Miospores, 137

Mississippi River, 214

Mitochondria, 26, 27

Mitrospermum, 141

Mixing, 226

Models, 4

climatic changes, 109, 110, 222

''conveyor belt" ocean circulation, 211

environmental/biological coevolution, 31

mass extinctions, 64

research needs, 16

Mollusks, 12, 62, 120, 126

Monkeys, 124, 200

Monsoons, 36-39, 119, 127

Morozovellids, 97

Moschidae, 192

Mosses, 168

Mountain glaciers, 119

Multituberculata, 190

Musk oxen, 195

Mustelids, 193

N

Nannoplankton, 51

Natural selection, see Evolution

Nebraska, 193

Nekton, 39

Neoecology, 151

Neogloboquadrina dutertrei, 215

Neritic environment, see Continental shelf

Netherlands, 123

Neutron activation, 39

Nevada, 193

New Zealand, 165

Nitrates, 26

NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, 112

North America, 119, 178, 222-223

Cenozoic mammal faunas, 185-205

North Atlantic deep water (NADW), 6-7, 102, 127, 130, 211, 214

North Atlantic

Neogene ice age, biotic effects, 118-130

North Pacific, 212

North Sea, 120, 127

Northern Hemisphere, 119-130, 156-169

Northern Plains, 127, 128

Nothofagus, 165, 166-168, 179-180

Nuttallides truempi, 97

O

Ocean circulation, 5-7, 12, 36-39, 102

Ocean Drilling Program (ODP), 95

Ocean Drilling Program Site 119, 164

Ocean Drilling Program Site 738C, 84-86

Ocean floor, see Deep-sea

Ocean temperature, 10, 43, 54, 56, 63, 97-105, 109, 122, 201, 212

Ocean ventilation, 42

Ocean warming, 97-105

Ocean-climate system, 50, 56, 62

Oceanic anoxic events, 56, 62, 102

Omo Valley, Ethiopia, 240

Omomyidae, 190

Orangeburg scarp, 120

Orbital cycles, 4-5, 129, 226

Ordinations, 143

Oreodonts, 191, 192

Ostracods, 100, 126

Oxygen, 8, 56

proterozoic evolution and oxygen, 21-31

Oxygen isotopes, 3, 87-88, 100, 102, 108-112, 122, 130, 178, 186-188, 200-205, 211, 213-217

Oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), 58

Oxygen-depleted water, 39-42

Ozone screen, 26

P

Pacific, 121, 211

Pacific Northwest, 188

Pacific superplume, 57, 58, 62

Pakistan, 199-200

Palaeomerycidae, 192

Paleo-Antarctic Circle, 168

Paleo-Arctic Circle, 168

Paleobathymetry, 58

Paleobiology, 3, 94-105

Australia flora and climatic changes, 174-182

Gulf of Mexico biotic response to deglaciation, 210-218

high-latitude vegetation and climate, 156-169

research needs, 16

vegetation change in late Quaternary, 221-229

Paleoecology

coal swamp ecosystems, 134-152

Paleogeography, 3, 112, 138, 148, 157

Ordovician, 36-39

pollen records, late Quaternary, 221-229

research needs, 16

Paleomagnetic chronology, 185

Paleosols, 23, 101, 148, 191

Palms, 124

Palynology, 147, 157, 164, 166, 178

late Quaternary vegetation, 221-229

Panama land bridge, 188

Pandas, 194

Pantodonta, 190

Parahippus, 192

Paralycopodites, 143-145

Patagonia, 168

Peat-forming swamps, see Coal swamps

Peccaries, 125, 195

Peripheral isolates, 151

Perissodactyls, 96, 190, 198

Petrography, 139

Petroleum source rock, 40, 56

Phosphorus, 24

Photosynthesis, 26, 103

Photosynthetic bacteria, 23

Phylogeny, 26-28

Planar swamps, 136

Plankton, 39

Planktonic foraminifera, 12, 15, 50-53, 97-100, 109, 120, 121

Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction, 73-91, 97

Gulf of Mexico, response to deglaciation, 210-218

Plant community ecology, 135

Plate rafting, 175

Plenus Marls, 53

Podocarps, 164, 166, 167

Poland, 124

Poleward heat transport, 110-111

Pollen, 119, 123, 135, 157

late Quaternary vegetation, 221-229

triaperturate, 164

Porcupines, 195

Portugal, 35

Prague Basin, Czechoslovakia, 35

Precipitation, 104, 129, 157, 178

Predators, 238-239

Present atmospheric level (PAL), 23, 27, 29

Primates, 96, 190

Proboscideans, 193, 198

Prokaryotes, 31

Proteaceae, 165, 167, 181

Proteus, 102, 103

Protists, 25, 30

Protoceratids, 195

Psaronius, 141, 145

Pteridosperms, 137, 141, 142, 146, 150, 164

Ptilodus, 190

Pueblo, Colorado, 58

Pulleniata obliquiloculata, 215

Pyrite, 30, 40

Q

Queensland, 176

R

Rabbits, 191, 199

Raccoons, 192

Radiative energy input, 110

Radiometric dating, 54-55, 59, 60, 185, 211

Rain forest, 11, 64, 175, 179

Rapid turnover episodes (RTE), 186-188, 197, 198-200

Rare earth elements, 24

Red Sea, 211

Research needs, 15-16

Resource depletion, 64

Reversed magnetic interval, 96, 190

Rhinocerotids, 191, 193

Rhizovores, 191

RNA, 27

Rock accumulation rates, 49

Rock Canyon Anticline, 58

Rocky Mountains, 191

Rodents, 13-15, 190, 191

Ross Sea, 167

Rotalipora foraminifer, 57

Rudists, 15, 54, 114

Ruminants, 198, 200

S

S. beccariformis, 96

Sabertooth cats, 239

Sagebrush, 178

Sahara, 120

Salinity, 100, 112, 214-217

Salix, 166

San Salvador, 123

Savanna, 190-194, 201, 233

Scales, 227-229

Scandinavia, 119

Scansorial mammals, 189

Sclerophyll plants, 13, 178, 182

Sea otters, 121

Sea-floor spreading, 129

Sea-level changes, 11, 54, 56, 201, 204, 212

Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction, 88-91

Ordovician glaciation and marine fauna, 35-44

Sediment traps, 212

Sedimentation rates, 4, 40, 75, 102

Seed ferns, 143

Seed plants, 136

Seismic stratigraphy, 200-201

Semiarid regions, 176-177

Sessile plants, 221

Seymour Island, 164, 185

Shales, 137

Shatsky Rise, 109

Shocked quartz grains, 62

Shrub eaters, 192

Siberia, 157

Sigillarians, 151

Signor-Lipps effect, 9, 52-53

Silicate rocks, 129

Siwalik Hills, 199-200

Slime molds, 28

Snakes, 15

Songbirds, 13-15

South Atlantic, 211

South Shetland Islands, 165

Southern Hemisphere, 156-169

Space-time box, 229

Spatial and temporal scales, 227-229

Speciation, 124, 152, 178, 188

Species turnover, 12-13, 146-147, 149, 151, 186, 198-200

Sphenopsids, 141, 142, 151

Spinels, 80

Spruce, 224

St. Lawrence River, 214

Stable isotope stratigraphy, 96-97

Stenothermal species, 125

Steppe, 188

Sterols, 27

Straits of Florida, 121

Stratigraphic anomaly 24, 190

Stromatolites, 24

Stromatoporoids, 114

Strontium isotopes, 30

Subcanopy, 176

Succession, 185, 221, 222

land mammals in North America, 189-197

Sulfates, 23

Sulfur isotopes, 30

Sulu Sea, 211

Sundra Plate, 175

Surface dwellers, 87-90

Svalbard, 166

Symbiosis, 26

Sympatry, 226

Synchroneity, 102

Syncopated equilibrium, 197

T

Taiga, 156, 166

Taphonomic criteria, 139, 189

Tasmania, 168, 175

Tectonic activity, 62, 119, 123, 127, 148, 168, 175, 194, 226

Teeth, 101, 189

Tegelen faunas, 124

Teleoceras, 193

Temperature, 157, 178

Terminations, 122

Terrestrial habitat, 234-241

Tethyan Ocean, 80, 114

Tethys Seaway, 103

Thermocline, 39, 89, 101, 212

Thermohaline circulation, 6-7, 111

Thresholds, 9-10

Thulean land bridge, 188, 201

Tibetan Plateau, 127

Tillodontia, 190

Time scale, 2

Titanotheres, 13

Tools, 240

Toxic waters, 39

Trace elements, 56, 62

Tree ferns, 141, 142, 145, 150

Tree rings, 159

Trees, 140, 141

Trichomonads, 26

Trilobites, 15, 43

Trochospiral forms, 100

Tropics, 36-39, 104, 211

climatic stability, 108-115

Tundra, 166, 188

Turnover-pulse hypothesis, 188

U

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, 26

Ungulates, 189, 191, 193, 204

Uraninite, 23

V

Vapor pressure, 104, 110

Vegetation, see Flora

Vertical advection, 39-42

Virginia, 120

Volcanic activity, 103, 129

W

Warm saline deep water, 102, 104, 111

Water column, 87-90

Western Interior Seaway, 58

Wetland habitats

coal swamp ecosystems, 134-152

White River chronofauna, 190-194

Winds, 127

Woody shrubs, 192

Wyoming, 194

X

Xeromorphy, 141, 147

Y

Yorktown Formation, 120-121

Younger Dryas cooling, 7, 210-218

Yucatan Channel, 121