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Front Matter i-xvi
OVERVIEW 1-1
INTRODUCTION 2-2
METHODS 3-3
Periodic Cycles 4-4
The Eocene-Oligocene Transition 5-6
The Terminal Ordovician Transition 7-7
RATES OF TRANSITION 8-8
The Nature of Thresholds 9-9
PATTERNS OF BIOTIC RESPONSE 10-10
Extinction 11-11
Evolutionary Turnover 12-12
Delayed Recovery 13-14
RECOMMENDATIONS 15-16
REFERENCES 17-18
Background 19-20
INTRODUCTION 21-21
Geochemical Evidence for Atmospheric Change 22-23
Paleontological Evidence for Evolutionary Innovation 24-24
Biological Reasons for Linkage 25-27
Paleontological Data 28-28
Geochemical Data 29-29
CONCLUSIONS 30-30
REFERENCES 31-33
ABSTRACT 34-34
THE TIME FRAME 35-35
THE PALEOGEOGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK 36-38
GEOCHEMICAL EVIDENCE OF DEEP OCEAN VENTILATION 39-41
Shelly Faunas 42-42
ENVIRONMENTAL-ORGANISMAL CHANGES: A SUMMARY 43-43
REFERENCES 44-46
ABSTRACT 47-47
INTRODUCTION 48-48
HIGH-RESOLUTION APPROACH TO DOCUMENTING ANCIENT ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE 49-49
THE CENOMANIAN-TURONIAN (C-T) MASS EXTINCTION - AN ANCIENT GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY CRISIS IN A CHAOTIC GREENHOUSE WORLD 50-57
A CASE HISTORY: THE PUEBLO, COLORADO, C-T BOUNDARY SECTION 58-58
ESTABLISHING A CHRONOLOGY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DECLINE AND MASS EXTINCTION ACROSS THE C-T BOUNDARY 59-60
INTERPRETATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 61-63
REFERENCES 64-68
Late Cenomanian Background Conditions 69-69
Late Cenomanian Mass Extinction 70-70
End Of Sampling Interval 71-71
ABSTRACT 72-72
INTRODUCTION 73-73
HOW COMPLETE ARE K/T BOUNDARY SECTIONS? 74-75
Planktic Foraminifera 76-77
Calcareous Nannoplankton 78-79
El Kef, Tunisia 80-81
Caravaca, Spain 82-82
Brazos, Texas 83-83
ODP Site 738C, Indian Antarctic Ocean 84-85
Calcareous Nannoplankton 86-86
ARE SPECIFIC HABITATS SELECTIVELY DESTROYED? 87-89
DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY 90-90
REFERENCES 91-93
INTRODUCTION 94-95
TERMINAL PALEOCENE MASS EXTINCTION IN THE DEEP SEA 96-96
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN MASS EXTINCTION AND OCEANIC WARMING 97-100
CAUSE OF MASS EXTINCTION IN DEEP SEA 101-101
CAUSE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC AND CLIMATE CHANGE 102-102
IMPLICATIONS AND SUMMARY 103-104
REFERENCES 105-107
INTRODUCTION 108-108
OXYGEN ISOTOPIC RECORDS OF LOW LATITUDE TEMPERATURES 109-109
ARGUMENTS FOR TROPICAL TEMPERATURE STABILITY 110-110
MODEL-DERIVED TROPICAL TEMPERATURES 111-111
SUMMARY OF TROPICAL CLIMATE EXTREMES 112-112
CLIMATE TOLERANCES OF TROPICAL ORGANISMS 113-113
A MID-CRETACEOUS CASE STUDY 114-114
REFERENCES 115-117
ABSTRACT 118-118
The Pliocene Prior to 2.5 Ma 119-120
Onset of the Ice Age at 2.5 to 2.4 Ma 121-122
Africa 123-123
Europe 124-124
Marine Biotas 125-126
Plateau Uplift 127-128
Ice-Sheet Forcing of Climatic Change 129-129
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 130-130
REFERENCES 131-133
ABSTRACT 134-134
INTRODUCTION 135-135
Peat Swamps 136-136
Clastic Wetlands 137-137
Resolution at 100- to 104-yr Time Scales: Habitats and Species Assemblages 138-138
Resolution at the 105- to 107-yr Time Scale: Interseam Patterns 139-139
Coal-Swamp Species and Ecomorphs 140-140
Changes at the Landscape Level 141-142
Changes in the Habitat Composition of Landscapes 143-145
Changes in the Species-Level Composition of Habitats 146-146
Evidence for Climatic Variability 147-147
Relationships of Climatic Patterns to Vegetational Patterns 148-148
SUMMARY AND IMPLICATIONS 149-149
Hierarchical Organization 150-150
Long-Term Species Replacement Dynamics: Evolutionary Implications 151-151
REFERENCES 152-155
INTRODUCTION 156-156
Albian-Cenomanian and Arrival of Angiosperms 157-157
Turonian-Coniacian-Santonian 158-158
Albian-Cenomanian and Early Angiosperms 159-163
Turonian-Coniacian-Santonian 164-164
Eocene 165-165
Eocene 166-166
Northern and Southern Floras: Deciduous Versus Evergreen 167-167
Cenozoic Vegetational Changes 168-168
REFERENCES 169-173
UNIQUENESS OF THE AUSTRALIAN SYSTEM 174-174
MODERN VEGETATION OF AUSTRALIA 175-177
MAJOR TERTIARY CLIMATIC CHANGES 178-178
PLANT MEGAFOSSIL EVIDENCE FOR CLIMATIC CHANGE 179-181
REFERENCES 182-183
ABSTRACT 184-184
INTRODUCTION 185-185
Chronofaunas and Turnover Pulses 186-187
Importance of Immigrants 188-188
Paleocene Chronofauna: Tropical Forest 189-189
White River Chronofauna: Woodland Savanna 190-191
Sheep Creek Chronofauna: Park Savanna 192-192
Clarendonian Chronofauna: Grassland Savanna 193-193
Late Pliocene and Pleistocene: Further Continentality and Provincialism 194-194
RESULTS 195-196
DISCUSSION 197-197
European Land Mammal Record 198-198
Indian Land Mammal Record 199-199
Oxygen Isotopes and Mammal Immigrations 200-203
CONCLUSIONS 204-204
REFERENCES 205-208
ABSTRACT 209-209
INTRODUCTION 210-210
Ecology of Modern Planktonic Foraminifera 211-211
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 212-212
Stable Isotopic Records 213-213
Faunal Response to Temperature and Salinity Changes in the Gulf of Mexico 214-216
CONCLUSIONS 217-217
REFERENCES 218-220
INTRODUCTION 221-221
SENSITIVITY OF POLLEN DATA TO VEGETATION PATTERNS 222-223
MAPS OF CHANGING TAXON DISTRIBUTION THROUGH TIME 224-225
IMPLICATIONS FOR SPECIES AND EVOLUTION 226-226
TIME AND SPACE SCALES OF VEGETATIONAL AND TAXONOMIC UNITS 227-228
REFERENCES 229-232
ABSTRACT 233-233
INTRODUCTION 234-234
DEVELOPMENT IN APES, HUMANS, AND AUSTRALOPITHECINES 235-235
Arboreal Traits 236-237
The Arboreal Imperative 238-238
CLIMATIC FORCING 239-240
REFERENCES 241-244
Index 245-250

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Effects of Past Global Change on Life (1995)

Chapter: Background

BACKGROUND

My Academies

Effects of Past Global Change on Life (1995)

Chapter: Background

BACKGROUND