A
Academic hiring.
See also Applications;
Interviews;
Offers;
Recruitment
equity in, 4, 27-28, 36, 63, 68, 274
faculty perspective, 61
key findings, 5-8, 64-69, 154-158
productivity and, 88
selection process, 41, 42, 50-56
statistical analyses, 43, 48-50, 54-56, 57-59
target-of-opportunity positions, 44, 46, 64
women’s involvement in, 5, 50, 55, 154, 157, 279
Academics. See Assistant professors;
Associate professors;
Faculty;
Full professors
Agricultural sciences, 2, 6, 20, 25 n.14, 32, 35, 37 n.19, 60, 155, 249, 254, 255, 262
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 32, 103
American Association of University Professors, 32, 36 n.16, 37, 103, 269
American Chemical Society, 32, 269, 277, 280, 281
American Institute of Physics, 28, 32, 181, 182, 280
American Mathematical Society, 32
American Society for Engineering Education, 32
Antidiscrimination laws, 17-18
Applications for faculty positions
climate perceptions and, 277-278, 282
decision to apply, 41
discipline and, 43, 46, 47, 48, 49-50, 65, 66, 68, 154, 156, 277, 284-286
doctoral pool relative to, 21, 23, 28, 46-48, 61, 65, 66, 68, 154, 156, 164, 277-278
faculty composition and, 278-279
family-friendly policies and, 49, 50, 62, 63, 66, 279, 282
geographic mobility constraints, 21, 271, 280-281
by institution type, 47, 49, 50, 66, 279, 284, 285, 286
institutional policies for increasing diversity, 8, 61-64, 66, 274
prestige of institution and, 49, 50, 66, 281-283, 285, 286
review of research results on, 275-283
search committee composition and, 50, 64, 66, 279, 284, 285, 286
statistical analysis, 43, 48-50, 284-286
by tenured or tenure-track position, 44-46, 47, 48, 49, 65-66, 284, 285, 286
Architectural engineering, 25 n.14, 181-182, 230, 231
Arizona State University, 216, 221, 227, 232, 237, 243
Assistant professors
academic hiring, 11, 39, 40, 48
attrition/retention, 4, 10-11, 28
by discipline, 6, 11, 35, 125, 139, 146, 148, 155, 183, 262, 264
doctoral pool, 48
family issues, 273
full-time vs. part-time appointments, 152, 153
grant funding, 113, 160, 316, 317
knowledge of tenure and promotion policies, 322-323
mentoring for, 10, 113, 160, 165, 316, 317, 322
outside offers, 107
promotion and tenure, 11, 118, 119, 125, 129, 130, 131, 136-137, 138-139, 145, 148, 151, 161, 163
research productivity, 92, 93, 97
resource packages for, 10, 78, 81, 96, 111
salary, 10, 104, 105, 106, 113, 161
stopping the tenure clock, 12, 144-145, 152, 163
time in rank, 12, 117, 136-138, 139-146, 150, 151, 152, 155, 163, 164
time from receipt of Ph.D. to hire (academic age), 36, 144, 151, 164
trends in employment, 1, 15-16, 33, 35, 148, 275
Associate professors
academic hiring, 48
career age, 326
by discipline, 6, 35, 127, 128, 142, 262, 264
doctoral pool, 48
knowledge of tenure and promotion policies, 322-323
promotion and tenure, 11, 123, 127, 128, 129, 133-134, 137-138, 139, 140, 141, 145, 146-148, 149, 150, 151, 162-163
research productivity, 92, 93, 97
resource packages for, 111
salary, 10, 104, 105, 106, 161
stopping the tenure clock, 12, 163
time from receipt of Ph.D., 140
time in rank, 123, 137-138, 141, 146-148, 150, 163, 326
trends in employment, 1, 33, 275
Association for Women in Science, 16, 63
Attrition/retention, 4, 10-11, 21, 23-24, 26, 28, 38, 106-107, 109-110, 116, 148, 168
B
Big 10+ Chemical Engineering Chairs Survey, 77-78
Biochemistry, 36, 181, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227
Biology
academic employment, 6, 11, 32, 33, 35, 37, 258, 259, 261
academic hiring, 7, 8, 28, 46, 47, 48, 49-50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 65, 66, 68, 155, 156, 157, 284-288
climate for professional development, 87, 314
defined, 25 n.14
department description, 181, 216-221
doctoral pool, 7, 48, 251, 276, 289-290
employment trends, 32, 33, 35, 37, 254, 255, 275
grant funding, 113, 160, 316, 317
institutional resources, 8, 78, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 306-312, 314
institutions surveyed, 216-221
job satisfaction, 321
professional activities, 74, 75, 76, 77, 122, 296, 298, 299, 300-304, 314
promotion and tenure, 11, 119, 120, 122, 125, 126, 127, 128, 139, 140, 141, 148, 150, 151, 161, 162-163, 261, 324, 328-329
rank of female faculty, 6, 11, 155, 262, 264
research productivity, 10, 91, 92, 93, 95, 160, 315
sample characteristics and response rates, 182, 183, 185-188, 328-329
Boston University, 216, 221, 227, 232, 237, 243
Brown University, 216, 221, 227, 232, 238, 243
C
California Institute of Technology, 70, 216, 221, 227, 232, 238, 243
Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 20 n.12, 24, 130, 258 n.9
Carnegie-Mellon University, 216, 221, 227, 232, 238, 243
Case Western Reserve University, 80, 216, 221, 227, 232, 238, 243
Caucus for Women in Statistics, 16, 63
Chemistry
academic hiring, 7, 28, 46, 47, 48, 49-50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 58, 65, 66, 68, 155, 156, 284-288
climate for professional development, 87, 314
department description, 181, 221-227
doctoral pool, 7, 251, 276, 289-290
employment trends, 32, 33 n.11, 35, 36
family issues of applicants, 280, 281
institutional resources, 10, 78-79, 82, 83, 84, 85, 306-312, 314
institutions surveyed, 221-227
job satisfaction, 321
outside offers, 106, 114, 161, 320
professional activities, 74, 75, 110-111, 122, 158, 296, 300-304, 314
promotion and tenure, 11, 118, 119, 120, 122, 125, 126, 127, 128, 137, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 146, 147, 148, 150, 151, 161, 163, 324, 328-329
rank of female faculty, 155
research productivity, 10, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 160, 315
sample characteristics and response rates, 182, 183, 185-188, 328-329
Civil engineering
academic hiring, 7, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 65, 66, 68, 156, 284-288
climate for professional development, 87, 314
department description, 181-182, 227-232
doctoral pool, 7, 48, 249, 251, 276, 289-290
employment trends, 35
institutional resources, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 306-312, 314
institutions surveyed, 227-232
job satisfaction, 321
professional activities, 74, 75, 122, 297, 298, 299, 300-304, 314
promotion and tenure, 119, 120, 122, 125, 126, 127, 128, 138, 139, 140, 141, 146, 150, 163, 324, 328-329
rationale for inclusion in this study, 25 n.14
research productivity, 10, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95-96, 160, 315
sample characteristics and response rates, 182, 183, 185-188, 328-329
Clerical support, 9, 71, 83-84, 85, 111, 159, 312
Climate for professional development
and career decisions, 12-13, 62, 277-278, 282
collaborative research, 9, 86, 112, 159
committee participation, 9, 88, 112, 159, 279
discipline and, 85, 86, 87, 88, 158, 277
interaction and engagement with colleagues, 9, 21, 62, 71, 86-87, 108, 112, 158, 159, 165, 277, 278
mentoring, 9, 10, 12, 71, 85-86, 87, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 99, 112, 159, 313
perceptions of S&E applicants, 277-278
prestige of institution, 62
Columbia University, 42 n.1, 216, 221, 227, 232, 238, 243
Committee on the Status of Women in Physics, 16
Committee service by women
and academic hiring, 50, 64, 66, 279, 284, 285, 286
chair, 8, 9, 27, 49, 50, 66, 67, 88, 112, 121, 122, 157, 159, 165, 279, 284-288, 292, 301
curriculum, 78
executive, 78
and promotion and tenure, 129
search committees, 8, 49, 50, 55, 61, 63, 64, 66, 67, 78, 85, 157, 165, 279, 284-288, 292
tenure and promotion committees, 78, 85, 112, 119, 121, 122
by tenure and tenure-track faculty, 303-304
thesis or honors committees, 77, 88, 300, 301, 302
Computer engineering, 182, 232-237
Computer sciences, 2, 20, 25 n.14, 34, 35, 37 n.19, 38 n.22, 48, 73 n.4, 75, 76, 77, 104-105, 137, 182, 232-238, 251, 254, 259, 261, 262, 264, 276 n.2, 277, 326, 327
Computing Research Association, 32
Construction engineering, 181, 228
Cornell Higher Education Research Institute, 78, 272
Cornell University, 216, 221, 227, 233, 238, 243
Council of Colleges of Arts & Sciences, 77
D
Doctorate recipients
applicant pool relative to, 21, 23, 28, 46-48, 61, 65, 66, 68, 154, 156, 277-278
by discipline, 7, 33, 48, 249, 251, 276, 289-290
employment discipline, 254, 258, 259
employment status and trends, 3, 5, 15-16, 250-253, 258, 261-262, 263, 275, 277
pool of, 7, 23, 249-250, 276-278
preferences for employment, 277
trends, 1, 249-250, 251, 276, 289
Duke University, 137, 216, 222, 227, 233, 238, 243
E
Earth sciences, 2, 20, 32, 34, 249, 251
Education Amendments of 1972, 18
Electrical engineering
academic hiring, 7, 8, 46, 47, 48, 50, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 65, 66, 67-68, 156, 157, 284-288
climate for professional development, 85, 87, 88, 314
department description, 182, 232-237
doctoral pool, 7, 251, 276, 289-290
institutional resources, 82, 83, 85, 306-312, 314
institutions surveyed, 232-237
job satisfaction, 109, 114, 321
outside offers, 106, 114, 161, 320
professional activities, 74, 75, 88, 122, 297, 298, 299, 300-304, 314
promotion and tenure, 119, 120, 122, 125, 126, 127, 128, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146, 147, 148, 150, 151, 163, 324, 328-329
rank of female faculty, 6
research productivity, 10, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 160, 315
sample characteristics and response rates, 182, 183, 185-188, 328-329
Emory University, 216, 222, 227, 233, 238, 243
Employment in S&E
by discipline, 154, 254, 255, 258, 259, 275
full-time academic workforce, 5, 154, 255-256, 257-266, 275;
see also Faculty
full-time S&E workforce, 5, 154, 250-256
Engineering.
See also Civil engineering;
Electrical engineering
employment trends, 5, 254, 255
faculty statistics, 25 n.14, 33, 34, 35, 48, 155, 258, 259, 262
institutional resources, 78
Environmental engineering, 25 n.14, 181, 227-232
F
Faculty representation.
See also Assistant professors;
Associate professors;
Full professors
applicant pool relative and, 278-279
by discipline or field, 5, 6, 33, 34, 35, 36, 154, 155, 257, 258, 259, 261, 262, 264
doctoral pool relative to, 21, 23, 28, 33 n.11, 48, 61, 271
employment trends, 1, 15, 26, 257-266
by institution type, 33, 35, 37, 130, 258, 260, 262, 263
part-time, temporary, and off-track academic positions, 16, 21, 35, 37, 152, 153, 168, 250, 251, 252, 253
population in this study, 25
and promotion or tenure awards, 130
by rank, 6, 15-16, 33, 34, 35, 36, 155, 262, 264-266, 275
as role models, 18
by tenure status, 258, 261-262, 263, 324
Faculty Survey of Student Engagement, 18
Family issues
in acceptance or rejection of offers, 61, 62, 63, 68, 157, 282
child care, 3, 21, 63, 129, 274, 279
discussions with colleagues, 87
dual career couples, 3, 21, 63, 273, 279, 280
family-friendly policies, 49, 50, 62, 63, 66, 129, 157, 279, 282
geographic mobility, 21, 271, 280-281
and job satisfaction, 108
leave for family or personal reasons, 63, 141, 274, 279
and part-time employment, 252-253, 280
research recommendations, 165
and salary, 272
and tenure and promotion, 272-273
workload relief policies, 279
Florida State University, 216, 222, 228, 233, 238, 243
Full professors
by discipline, 6, 34, 35, 127, 128, 129, 262, 264, 266
doctoral pool, 48
by institution type, 262, 265, 266
knowledge of tenure and promotion policies, 322-323
promotion and tenure, 11, 123, 127, 128, 129, 133-134, 137-138, 139, 141, 149-150, 162-163, 322-323
research productivity, 92, 93, 97
resource packages for, 111
salary, 10, 36-37, 104, 105, 106, 161
survey sample, 183
trends in employment, 1, 33, 34, 35, 275
G
Geographic mobility, 21, 271, 280-281
Georgetown University, 216, 222, 228, 233, 238, 243
Georgia Institute of Technology, 216, 222, 228, 233, 238, 243
Government Accountability Office, 18, 19 n.10
Grant funding
and acceptance of offers, 62
discipline and, 8, 9-10, 94, 95-96, 97, 99, 112, 113, 158, 160, 316, 317
and employment offers, 41
honor/award nominations and, 102, 161, 319
institution type and, 94, 96, 113
lab space relative to, 80, 101, 111
mentor status and, 10, 95, 96, 97, 99, 113, 160, 165, 316, 317
and outcomes for faculty, 41, 72, 80, 89, 90, 93-100, 101, 105, 107, 111, 114, 159, 160
and outside offers, 114
prestige of institution and, 94, 96, 97, 99, 112-113, 160
and promotion and tenure, 129
rank of faculty and, 94, 95-96, 97, 99, 112, 113, 160, 316, 317
and research productivity, 72, 89, 90, 93-100
and retention/attrition, 107
size of awards, 94, 95, 96-97, 98-99
time spent on research and, 95, 96, 113
H
Hart-Rudman Commission on National Security to 2025, 17
Harvard University, 216, 222, 228, 233, 238, 243
Health sciences, 5, 6, 20 n.11, 25 n.14, 37 n.19, 80, 154, 155, 249 n.3, 254, 255, 258, 259, 261, 262, 264
Hiring. See Academic hiring
Hogan, Alice, 18
Honor or award nominations, 3, 10, 71, 102-103, 161, 319
Howard University, 216, 222, 228, 233, 238, 243
I
Indiana University at Bloomington, 217, 222, 228, 233, 238, 243
Industrial manufacturing engineering, 249
Institutional resources, access to
and acceptance of offers, 62
clerical support, 9, 71, 83, 85, 111, 159, 312
discipline and, 8, 78-79, 81-85, 111, 158, 306-312
equipment/instruments, 9, 29-30, 37, 71, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82-83, 111, 159, 310
institution type and, 78
key findings, 8-9, 111, 158-159
laboratory space, 2, 4, 9, 19, 28, 29-30, 37, 62, 71, 72, 77, 78, 79-82, 83, 89, 90, 111, 159, 308-309
and outcomes, 72, 83, 89, 90, 99-102, 111
prestige of institution and, 111
rank of faculty and, 78, 80, 111
reduced teaching loads, 9, 79, 111, 158, 299
research assistants and postdocs, 4, 9, 25, 28, 37, 71, 72, 77, 78, 80, 83-84, 111, 159, 311, 314
start-up package, 4, 9, 28, 29, 62, 71, 72, 77-78, 80, 81, 106, 111, 158, 295
summer salary, 9, 37, 71, 77, 78-79, 80, 111, 158, 306
travel funds, 9, 37, 71, 77, 79, 111, 158, 307
variables analyzed, 71
Institution type (public or private)
and academic hiring, 47, 49, 50, 56, 59, 66, 279, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288
and access to institutional resources, 78, 99, 101
doctorate recipients by, 289-290
female faculty by, 33, 35, 37, 130, 258, 260, 262, 263
and grant funding, 94, 96, 113
and outcomes for faculty, 92, 94, 96, 99, 101, 102, 105
rank of female faculty by, 262, 263, 265, 266
research activities of faculty, 92, 94, 96, 99
and tenure and promotion, 11, 35, 125, 127, 130, 131, 134, 140, 146, 147, 148, 324
Interviews
departmental selection behavior, 50-56
by discipline, 8, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 61, 67-68, 156, 157, 287-288
institution type and, 56, 287, 288
factors associated with, 41, 54
hires relative to, 60
key findings, 5, 7-8, 67-68, 157
male-only pools, 51, 53, 54, 55, 67-68, 157
offers relative to, 57, 58, 59
percentage of applicant pool, 52, 54, 55-56, 67, 156, 157
preliminary, 41
prestige of institution and, 56, 287, 288
search committee composition and, 55, 287, 288
statistical analysis, 54-56, 287-288
by tenure or tenure-track position, 50-51, 52, 53-54, 55, 60, 67-68, 287, 288
J
Job location, 62
Job offers. See Offers
Job satisfaction
decision to leave or retire and, 38, 109-110, 114, 321
disparities in, 38, 71, 107-109
expectations, 21
measure of, 89
nomination for honors and awards and, 102
and productivity, 107
research literature, 268
salary and benefits and, 108, 109
Johns Hopkins University, 217, 222, 228, 233, 238, 243
L
Laboratory space
academic age and, 101
access to, 2, 4, 9, 19, 28, 29-30, 37, 71, 77, 78, 79-82, 111, 159
amount allocated, 81, 82, 100, 308
discipline and, 80, 82, 99, 101, 111, 159, 308, 309
experimental vs. theoretical research, 81, 101, 111
grant funding and, 99, 101, 111
outcomes for faculty, 72, 83, 89, 90, 99-102, 111
prestige of institution and, 99, 101
publications and, 99, 101, 102
rank and, 80, 99, 101-102, 111, 159
research productivity and, 99-102
satisfaction with, 80-81 n.17, 83
Lane, Neal, 17
Lecturers, instructors, and off-track positions, 3, 25, 36 n.16, 37, 183, 273
Life sciences, 25 n.13, 33, 34, 48, 216
Louisiana State University, 217, 223, 228, 233, 238, 244
M
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1, 15, 17, 37, 70, 79, 84, 121, 129, 137, 178, 217, 223, 233, 239, 244, 267, 271
Mathematics
academic hiring, 7, 46, 47, 48, 49-50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 65, 66, 67-68, 155, 156, 284-288
climate for professional development, 86, 87, 314
department description, 182, 237-242
doctoral pool, 7, 251, 276, 289-290
employment trends, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37 n.19, 254, 255, 259, 261, 264
institutional resources, 79, 81 n.19, 83, 85, 306-312, 314
institutions surveyed, 237-242
job satisfaction, 321
outside offers, 106, 114, 161, 320
professional activities, 74, 75, 76, 77, 122, 158, 297, 298, 299, 300-304, 314
promotion and tenure, 118, 119, 120, 122, 125, 126, 127, 128, 134, 137, 139, 140, 141, 145, 146, 150, 151, 163, 324, 328-329
research productivity, 10, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95-96, 97, 99, 111, 160, 315
sample characteristics and response rates, 182, 183, 185-188, 328-329
Mechanical engineering, 182, 251
Mentors and mentoring
access to, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 99, 112, 165, 313
and grant funding, 10, 95, 96, 97, 99, 113, 160, 165, 316, 317
and knowledge of tenure and promotion policies, 322-323
and outcomes for faculty, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 99, 107, 112, 113, 130
perceptions of, 278
and research productivity, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 99
resources on, 85 n.21
N
National Academies’ reports, current report compared to, 3-4
National Center for Education Statistics, 2, 29, 31, 32, 117, 269 n.4
National Institutes of Health, 94
National Research Council, 36, 250
National Science Foundation, 1-2, 16, 17, 31, 94, 117, 268
National Survey of Postsecondary Faculty, 29, 31-32, 37, 42, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 83, 89-91, 92, 83-94, 103, 104, 107, 108, 109, 117, 123, 137, 138, 139, 268, 269-270, 272, 326, 327
National Survey of Student Engagement, 18
New Mexico State University, 79 n.12, 217, 223, 228, 233, 239, 244
New York University, 217, 223, 228, 233, 239, 244
North Carolina State University, 217, 223, 228, 233, 239, 244
Northwestern University, 217, 223, 228, 234, 239, 244
O
Oceanograph, 2, 20, 32, 34, 249, 251
Offers made to women
discipline and, 8, 56-57, 58, 61, 68, 156, 157, 320
factors associated with, 41, 57, 68
institution type and, 59
interview pool of women and, 57, 58, 59, 68, 157
outside offers, 106-107, 114-115, 161
percentage of, 56-57, 58, 154, 156, 157
prestige of institution and, 59
reasons for accepting or rejecting, 41-42, 60, 61, 62, 68, 157, 295
by tenured or tenure-track position, 56, 58, 68
Ohio State University, 217, 223, 228, 234, 239, 244
Oregon State University, 217, 223, 228, 234, 239, 244
Outcomes for faculty
academic age and, 101, 105, 113
discipline and, 9-10, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 101, 104, 105, 106, 107, 110, 112, 113, 114, 159-160, 318-321
geographic mobility constraints and, 280, 281
honor or award nominations, 3, 10, 71, 89, 102-103, 161, 319
institution type and, 92, 94, 96, 99, 101, 102, 105
job satisfaction, 3, 107-110, 321
key findings, 4, 9-10, 112-115, 159-161
mentoring and, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 99, 107, 112, 113, 160
outside offers, 89, 106-107, 114-115, 161, 320
prestige of institution and, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 99, 101, 102, 105, 107, 112-113, 114
rank of faculty and, 92, 93, 94, 95-96, 97, 99, 101, 104, 105, 106, 107, 112, 113
research productivity, 10, 30, 71, 89-102, 105, 107, 112, 113, 114, 160, 278
salary, 10, 88, 89, 103-106, 318
time spent on activities and, 92, 93, 112
variables analyzed, 71-72, 89-90
P
Part-time and temporary academic positions, 16, 21, 35, 152, 153, 168, 250, 251, 252, 253, 280
Pennsylvania State University, 134, 135, 136, 217, 223, 228, 234, 239, 244
Ph.D.s. See Doctorate recipients
Physical sciences, 2, 20, 26, 32, 34, 35, 37 n.19, 48, 73 n.4, 75, 76, 77, 104-105, 137, 251, 254, 255, 259, 261, 262, 264, 326, 327.
See also Chemistry;
Physics and astronomy
Physics
academic hiring, 7, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 65, 66, 68, 156, 284-288
climate for professional development, 85, 87, 314
department description, 182, 243-248
family issues of applicants, 280, 281
institutional resources, 78, 81, 82, 83, 85, 306-312, 314
institutions surveyed, 243-248
job satisfaction, 321
outside offers, 106, 114, 161, 320
professional activities, 74, 75, 76, 77, 122, 297, 298, 299, 300-304, 314
promotion and tenure, 119, 120, 122, 125, 126, 127, 128, 139, 140, 141, 146, 150, 151, 163, 324, 328-329
rank of faculty, 6
research productivity, 10, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 160, 315
sample characteristics and response rates, 182, 183, 185-188, 328-329
POWRE award, 271
Prestige of institution
and academic hiring, 49, 50, 59, 56, 66, 281-283, 285, 286, 287, 288
and access to institutional resources, 99, 101, 111
and climate for professional development, 62
and outcomes for faculty, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 99, 101, 102, 105, 107, 112-113, 114
and research activities of faculty, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 99
and tenure and promotion, 12, 130, 131, 140, 141, 142, 143-144, 146, 147, 150, 151, 281, 324
Princeton University, 78, 81, 217, 223, 228, 234, 239, 244
Productivity
and academic hiring, 88
discipline and, 10, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95-96, 97, 99, 111, 315
grant funding and, 72, 89, 90, 93-100
job satisfaction and, 107
mentoring and, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 99
and outcomes, 10, 30, 71, 89-102, 105, 107, 112, 113, 114, 278
publication of research, 9-10, 18, 30, 71, 83, 89, 90-93, 94-95, 96-97, 99, 101, 102-103, 105, 113, 123-124, 127, 129, 272, 278, 282-283, 315
research, 10, 18, 30, 38, 41, 71, 83-84, 89-102, 105, 107, 111, 112, 113, 114, 272, 278, 315
and salary, 38, 88, 89, 105, 113
and tenure and promotion, 38, 88, 123-124, 127, 129-130
Professional activities.
See also Committee service;
Research;
Service;
Teaching
research literature, 268
variables analyzed, 71
Professional societies.
See also individual societies
recommendations for, 166
Programs to support women, 16-17, 26-27
Publication of research, 9-10, 18, 30, 71, 83, 89, 90-93, 94-95, 96-97, 99, 101, 102-103, 105, 113, 123-124, 127, 129, 272, 278, 282-283, 315
Purdue University, 80-81, 217, 223, 229, 234, 239, 244
R
Recommendations
for institutions, 12-13, 164-166
for professional societies, 12-13, 166
questions for future research, 13, 21, 166-167
Recruitment.
See also Interviews
advertising the position, 40-41, 63, 64, 66, 156, 164
campus visit, 41
institutional policies to promote diversity, 61-64, 66, 154, 156
recommendations, 12
search committees and procedures, 8, 40, 61, 63, 64, 66, 67, 157, 165
tenured vs. tenure-track positions, 41
word of mouth, 40
Research activities of faculty.
See also Grant funding;
Laboratory space
collaborative, 62, 86, 87, 89, 112
discipline and, 8, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95-96, 97, 99, 110-111, 158
discoveries and patents, 89
equipment access, 9, 29-30, 37, 71, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82-83, 111, 159, 310
family issues and, 272
institution type and, 92, 94, 96, 99
mentoring and, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 99
and outside offers, 107
prestige of institution and, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 99
productivity, 10, 18, 30, 38, 41, 71, 83-84, 89-102, 105, 107, 111, 112, 113, 114, 272, 278, 315
publications, 9-10, 18, 30, 71, 83, 89, 90-93, 94-95, 96-97, 99, 101, 102-103, 105, 113, 123-124, 127, 129, 272, 278, 282-283, 315
rank of faculty and, 92, 93, 94, 95-96, 97, 99
support staff, 4, 9, 25, 28, 37, 71, 72, 77, 78, 83-84, 111, 159, 314
time spent on, 9, 37-38, 73-74, 92, 93, 95, 96, 110, 112-113, 158, 272
Research assistants and postdocs, supervision of, 4, 9, 25, 28, 37, 71, 72, 77, 78, 83-84, 111, 159, 311, 314
Research I institutions.
See also individual institutions
listed for this study, 24-25, 178
Ph.D.s awarded by, 25 n.13
Research II institutions, 5, 13, 24, 154, 168, 258, 260, 262, 263, 265, 266
Research on gender differences.
See also Surveys for this study
approach of this committee, 2-3, 19-22
career factors examined, 23-24
characteristics explored, 270-274
charge to this committee, 2, 19
cross-sectional data sources, 101, 269-270
discipline focus of this study, 25-26
by individual researchers, 29, 32, 72, 268-269
information sources for this study, 28-29
institutional studies, historical, 1, 15, 16-17, 29, 32, 37, 70-71, 72, 79, 84, 121, 267, 271
institutions in this study, 24-25, 178
limitations, 25-26, 57, 71-72, 101, 269-270
National Academies’ reports published earlier, 3-4, 26-28
suggestions for, 13, 48, 102, 115
Resources. See Institutional resources;
specific resources
Rockefeller University, 181, 217, 223, 229, 234, 239, 244
Rutgers, 218, 223, 229, 234, 239, 244
S
Salary
academic age and, 101, 113-114
and acceptance of offers, 62
discipline and, 104, 105, 113, 305, 306, 318
discussions with colleagues, 87
equity, 10, 36, 38, 71, 103-106, 305
family issues, 272
institution type and, 105
multivariate analysis, 103-104
prestige of institution and, 105, 113
productivity and, 38, 88, 89, 105, 113
professorial rank and, 11, 36, 104, 105, 106, 113, 161, 305
summer, 9, 37, 71, 77, 78-79, 80, 111, 158, 306
Science and engineering (S&E), defined, 20, 32 n.7
Science and Engineering Equal Opportunities
Act of 1980, 18
Service.
See also Committee service
time spent on, 9, 37, 73, 76-77
Society of Women Engineers, 16, 63
Stanford University, 79-80, 218, 223, 229, 234, 239, 244
Start-up package, 4, 9, 28, 29, 62, 71, 72, 77-78, 80, 81, 106, 111, 158, 295
State University of New York at Buffalo, 218, 223, 229, 234, 239, 244
State University of New York at Stony Brook, 218, 224, 229, 234, 239, 245
Status of women in S&E.
See also Employment in S&E
professional activities and climate, 36-38
Stereotypes of scientists and engineers, 89, 283
Summit on Women in Engineering, 17
Survey of Doctoral Recipients, 26, 29, 31, 32, 42, 117, 121, 123, 124, 249, 250, 258, 268, 269-270, 273, 275 n.1
Survey of Earned Doctorates, 20 n.11, 26, 249 n.2
Surveys for this study
of department chairs, 2, 25-26, 28, 42-43, 78, 181-182, 184, 189-196, 216-248
design and implementation, 28-29, 181-188
discipline-specific details, 181-183, 185-188
of faculty, 2-3, 25-26, 29, 59, 60, 61, 78, 138, 181, 182-184, 185-188, 197-215
framework for development, 267-270
institutions surveyed, 24-25, 178, 216-248
instruments, 181, 182, 184, 189-215
least-squares means of responses, 292-293
rank-specific details, 183, 184, 185-188
response rates, 182, 186-188, 328-329
sample sizes, 3, 138, 182, 183, 185-188
transformation of response variables, 291-292
variance of a nonlinear function of parameters, 293-294
weighting, 43 n.5
Swedish Medical Research Council, 282
T
Teaching and advising
by discipline, 75, 76, 296-298
effectiveness of women, 18
evaluation of performance, 88-89, 124, 129
graduate courses, 75-76, 111, 158, 298
interaction with colleagues, 87
number of graduate students, 314
thesis or honor thesis committees, 76
time spent on, 9, 37, 73, 75, 111, 158
undergraduate courses, 75, 111, 158, 296-297
Temple University, 218, 224, 229, 234, 239, 245
Tenure and promotion
academic age and, 140, 141, 144, 147, 151, 326, 327
academic hiring by tenured or tenure-track position, 44-46, 47, 48, 49, 65-66, 284, 285, 286
committee composition, 78, 85, 112, 119, 121, 122
department size and, 11, 129, 132, 133, 140, 148, 149, 162
departmental culture and, 130
descriptive data, 117, 118, 124-127
discipline and, 11, 118, 119, 120, 125, 126, 127, 128, 131, 132, 134, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 144, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 161-163, 261, 276, 324, 328-329
equity in decisions, 4, 27-28, 36, 116, 121, 123-124, 162
factors influencing decisions, 38, 127-130, 283
family issues, 125, 129, 131, 141, 144-145, 272-273, 274, 280
institution type and, 11, 35, 125, 127, 130, 131, 134, 140, 146, 147, 148, 324
key findings, 4, 148-152, 161-163
knowledge of procedures, 12, 130, 149, 162, 165-166, 322-323
multivariate analysis, 116, 118, 130-134
opportunities for, 62
pool of female candidates, 11, 125, 131-132, 133, 149, 150, 162-163, 325
postdoctoral experience and, 12, 138, 150, 151
prestige of institution and, 12, 130, 131, 140, 141, 142, 143-144, 146, 147, 150, 151, 281, 324
processes, 117, 118-121, 190-191
productivity and, 38, 88, 123-124, 127, 129-130
rank and, 125, 127, 129, 130, 137-138, 139, 142, 142-143, 144, 145, 150, 162
rates, 11, 116, 125-126, 127, 135, 148-149, 161-162
stereotypes of scientists and engineers and, 283
stopping-the-clock policies, 10-11, 12, 13, 21, 63, 118, 129-130, 131, 132, 144-145, 146, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165-166, 167-168, 274, 324
teaching evaluations and, 124, 129
time from Ph.D. receipt, 123, 124, 137, 138-139, 140, 146, 150, 151-152, 164
time in rank and, 10-11, 12, 28, 36, 116, 118, 120, 123, 134, 136, 137-148, 150-151, 152, 163, 325-327
transparency of policies, 130, 165
“up or out” policy, 119
Texas A&M University, 218, 224, 229, 234, 239, 245
Travel funds, 9, 37, 71, 77, 79, 111, 158, 307
Tufts University, 218, 224, 229, 234, 240, 245
Tulane University, 218, 224, 229, 234, 240, 245
U
University of Alabama at Birmingham, 218, 224, 229, 234, 240, 245
University of Arizona, 218, 224, 229, 234, 240, 245
University of California, Berkeley, 84, 137, 218, 224, 229, 235, 240, 245
University of California, Davis, 218, 224, 229, 235, 240, 245, 277, 281
University of California, Irvine, 218, 224, 229, 235, 240, 245
University of California, Los Angeles, 109, 218, 224, 229, 235, 240, 245
University of California, San Diego, 218, 224, 230, 235, 240, 245
University of California, San Francisco, 219, 224, 230, 235, 240, 245
University of California, Santa Barbara, 219, 224, 230, 235, 240, 24
University of Chicago, 219, 224, 230, 235, 240, 245
University of Cincinnati, 219, 224, 230, 235, 240, 246
University of Colorado at Boulder, 77, 219, 225, 230, 235, 240, 246
University of Connecticut, 219, 225, 230, 235, 240, 246
University of Florida, 219, 225, 230, 235, 240, 246
University of Georgia, 219, 225, 230, 235, 241, 246
University of Hawaii at Manoa, 219, 225, 230, 235, 241, 246
University of Illinois at Chicago, 219, 225, 230, 235, 241, 246
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 219, 225, 230, 235, 241, 246
University of Iowa, 219, 225, 230, 235, 241, 246
University of Kansas, 219, 225, 230, 236, 241, 246
University of Kentucky, 219, 225, 230, 236, 241, 246
University of Maryland at College Park, 219, 225, 230, 236, 241, 246
University of Massachusetts at Amherst, 219, 225, 230, 236, 241, 246
University of Miami, 220, 225, 231, 236, 241, 246
University of Michigan, 85, 219, 225, 231, 236, 241, 246
University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, 219, 225, 231, 236, 241, 246
University of Missouri, Columbia, 219, 225, 231, 236, 241, 246
University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 219, 226, 231, 236, 241, 246
University of New Mexico, 219, 226, 231, 236, 241, 247
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 219, 226, 231, 236, 241, 247
University of Oregon, 282
University of Pennsylvania, 42 n.1, 73, 80, 94, 220, 226, 231, 236, 241, 247
University of Pittsburgh, 220, 226, 231, 236, 242, 247
University of Rochester, 220, 226, 231, 236, 242, 247
University of Southern California, 220, 226, 231, 236, 242, 247
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 220, 226, 231, 236, 242, 247
University of Texas at Austin, 220, 226, 231, 237, 242, 247
University of Washington, 220, 226, 231, 237, 242, 247
University of Wisconsin, Madison, 220, 226, 231, 237, 242, 247, 274 n.7
Utah State University, 220, 226, 231, 237, 242, 247
U.S. Department of Agriculture, 94
U.S. Department of Education, 29, 31, 36, 37, 72, 73 n.4, 117
V
Vanderbilt University, 220, 226, 232, 237, 242, 247
Virginia Commonwealth University, 221, 226, 232, 237, 242, 247
Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, 221, 227, 232, 237, 242, 247
W
Washington University, 221, 227, 232, 237, 242, 247
Wayne State University, 221, 227, 232, 237, 242, 248
West Virginia University, 221, 227, 232, 237, 242, 248
Workweek, 73
Y