A

ABCC. See Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission

A-bomb disease, 291

A-bomb neurosis, 290

Abrahamson, Seymour, vii-xviii

Absolute relative risk of cancer, 91-92

Absorbed dose

definition of, 240, 241, 249

DS86, 76

ground range and, 43

T65D, 76

Accelerated aging concept, 106, 108

Acentric fragments, 74, 76, 84

Acute ionizing radiation, 159, 162

Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 109, 110, 114

Acute myelocytic leukemia, 67

Acute myelogenous (myeloid) leukemia, 82, 109, 110, 114

Acute non-lymphocytic leukemia, 234

Acute radiation sickness, 106, 278

Adaptive response, 192

Additive risk models, 200, 201, 202, 204, 206-209, 210, 211, 222

Additive transfer of risks, 222

Adult Health Study

cytogenetic epidemiology, 87-88

medical radiation exposures, 51-54, 56, 57-60, 66, 68-70, 72

noncancer mortality risks, 307-308

population studied, 5, 7, 18

psychological effects in, 285, 292

solid cancers, 120, 139, 141

suicide rates, 285

tooth-enamel study, 85

Adult T-cell leukemia, 103, 109, 110, 113, 114, 115

AECL. See Atomic Energy of Canada Limited

Age (attained)

and breast cancer, 194, 196, 209

and cancer risk, 94, 98

and leukemia, 113

and lung cancer, 199

and mutations, 219, 256, 258

and solid cancer risk, 125, 137, 216-217, 218

and stem cell changes, 218

and stomach cancer mortality, 216

Age at exposure (time of bombing)

and breast cancer, 124, 194-195, 206, 207, 209, 210

and cancer risk, 91, 93, 95, 97-98, 232, 303

and leukemia, 104, 106, 108, 110, 113, 227

and lung cancer, 199

and radiosensitivity, 95

and solid cancer, 123, 125-126, 135-137, 138, 139, 140, 227

and tooth enamel changes, 85

AHS. See Adult Health Study

Air Force Special Weapons Center, 9

Albertini, Richard J., 253-269

Alberts, Bruce, 304, 305

Alderson Research Laboratories, 60

All. See Acute lymphocytic leukemia

American Psychiatric Association, 287

AML. See Acute myelogenous leukemia

Anger/hostility, 290, 291

Animal studies, 159, 162-165

breast cancer, 209, 247

carcinogenesis, 180-181

lung cancer, 229

mutagenesis, 186, 229

Ankylosing spondylitis study, 141

Anti-carcinogens, 189

Antioxidants, 184

Antisense connexin gene, 189

Anti-tumor promoters, 189

Anxiety/trauma-specific fear, 283, 285, 288, 290, 291

AP-1 transcription factor, 182, 184, 185, 187, 190

Aplastic anemia, 102

Apoptosis, 177, 179, 181-183, 184, 185-186, 190, 191, 192

Arakawa, Ed, 9

Armitage-Doll model, 214, 216, 217-218, 221, 223-226, 227, 228, 229 , 235

Asakawa, Jun-Ichi, 159-175

Ataxia telangiectasia, 258

Atherogenesis, 178

ATL. See Adult T-cell leukemia

Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission.

See also Radiation Effect Research Foundation

leukemia surveys, 102-103, 106

Life Span Study, 132

mission, 174-175

secret-research allegations, 174-175, 304-305

Atomic bomb survivors.

See also Adult Health Study;

Life Span Study

budget for relief measures, 299-300

definition of, 298-299

funeral allowances, 298, 299

health care allowances, 295, 299

income restrictions, 298

interviews of, 57-59

medical radiation exposures, 51-72

national responsibility to, 297

number of, 296, 297

offspring, see Offspring of survivors

psychological effects in, 283, 285, 286, 287, 290, 291-292, 294

public health principles applied to, 242-248

recall of location and shielding, 31, 43, 45, 78, 86

relief parties, 298

research and investigation allowance, 300

social stigma, 289, 293

somatic mutations in, 214-216

study populations, see Adult Health Study;

In utero sample;

Life Span Study

unshielded, 32, 39, 86

usefulness of data on, 144

welfare measures, 296, 298, 299-300

Atomic Bomb Survivors Medical Care Law, 295, 296

Atomic Bomb Survivors Relief Law of 1995

circumstances leading to, 296-297

outline of provisions, 297-300

Atomic Bomb Survivors Special Measures Law of 1988, 295, 296, 297

Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, 145, 148, 153-154

Auxier, John, 13

Avidin, 275, 279

Awa, Akio A., 73-88

B

Background

cancer rates, 91, 92, 94, 95, 97, 218

mutations, 161, 162, 163, 166, 258, 263, 267

solid cancer rates, 134

Base substitutions, 263, 264

B-cell

clonal aberrations, 78

lines for genetic study, 88, 172

malignancies, 266

Bcl-2 oncogenes, 182, 184

bcr/abl gene, 181

Beebe, Gilbert W., 99, 310

BEIR III report, 91, 92, 93

BEIR IV Report, 200, 201, 204, 206, 208

BEIR V Report, 147, 165, 222, 224

Benz[a]pyrene, 265

BFU-E erythroid colonies, 78

Bikini Atoll, 296

Biochemical Genetics Study, 7

Biodosimetry of survivors.

See also Glycophorin A assay

bias in, 87

chromosomal aberrations, 73, 87

city differences and, 87

clonal aberrations, 77-78, 80-81, 87

cytogenetic epidemiology, 86, 87-88

ESR method, 84-86, 87

of exposed parents for genetic study, 88

FISH method, 82-84, 86-87

G-banding method, 80-82, 83-84

Giemsa staining method, 76-80, 83-84, 86-87

glycophorin A locus, 283

shielding categories and, 87

tooth enamel, 84-86

usefulness of methods, 86-88

Biological quantal response, 47, 49, 241, 242, 247, 251

Biomarkers, 73, 257, 263, 265, 268, 303.

See also Chromosomal aberrations

Births, number of, and breast cancer, 203, 205

Bladder cancer (urinary), 123, 131, 137, 138

Blood assay. See Glycophorin A assay

Bloom syndrome, 258

Blue ribbon panel, 305, 306

Bond, Victor P., 237-251

Bone marrow doses

and leukemia, 110

from medical radiation exposures, 51, 59, 60, 62, 63, 65-67, 69-72

uncertainty in, 154, 155

Borges, Wayne, 102

Breast cancer in survivors

age at exposure and, 124, 194-195, 206, 207, 209, 210

animal studies, 209, 247

attained age and, 194, 196, 209

dose-response relationship, 194-196, 197, 203, 206-208, 209, 210-211, 247

excess cases, 123, 124, 126

genetics and, 194, 217

incidence, 134, 138, 197, 208

logistic model, 209-212

LSS cohort, 203, 208

mixed-type tumors, 247

mortality, 138, 139

radiation therapy, 57

reproductive history and, 193, 202-203, 205-212

risk, 122, 131, 137, 138, 139, 194-196, 197, 209-210, 211, 222

studies, 119

Breast tissue doses, 60, 64, 65, 207, 208

BRIC 159 monoclonal antibody, 275

British Nuclear Fuels, 165

Bromet, Evelyn J., 283-294

Burst height, 7-8, 40

C

Cadmium-difference gold neutron fluence measurements, 40, 41

Cancer in survivors.

See also Hiroshima and Nagasaki Tumor Registries;

Leukemia in survivors;

Solid cancers in survivors;

individual sites

age-specific rates, 118

background rates, 91, 95, 97

chromosomal aberrations and, 77

city differences, 43, 77

death certificate data, 117, 118

double primary cases, 67

epidemiology, 91-99, 127-128

excess cases, 119

first-generation offspring, 159

ground range and, 118

incidence, 52, 117, 120-127, 131, 144

latency period, 174

LSS data, 118, 119

medical radiation exposures and, 52

mortality, 77, 93, 131, 147

prevalence, as surrogate for genetic effects, 172-174

quality of data, 117, 120-121

radiation therapy doses, 67

risk assessment, 43, 91-99, 131

secondary, 153

shielding and, 77

statistical methods, 91-99

TMI area residents compared, 288

T65D system and, 119

Carbon radicals, 84-85

Carcinogenesis

animal experiments, 180-181

apoptosis and, 181-183

Armitage-Doll model, 213, 214, 216, 217-218, 221, 223-226, 227, 228 , 229, 235

background, 218

causal basis, 189

cell-cell communication and, 187-191

data needs, 132

defined, 122-123

diagnostic x-rays and, 206

generalized MVK model, 229-235

initiation, 178, 179, 180, 183-187, 215, 226, 228, 253

low-level radiation and, 177, 179, 191-192

mechanistc models, 221-236

multistage models, 229-230, 234-235

mutation-growth-mutation model, 214

mutations and, 179, 181, 213-219, 263

oxidative stress and, 187

p53 role in, 186

process, 178

progression, 178, 179, 180

promotion, 178, 179, 180, 182, 189-190, 191, 226, 228

somatic mutation model, 213-219

stem cell theory, 178, 189

two-mutation models, 214, 221, 226, 228-229

Carcinogens, 179

Cardiovascular diseases, 307-308

Carotinoids, 189

Cataracts, 79, 163, 178, 308

cDNA

alterations, 263, 264

product sequencing, 263

CD34+myeloid stem cells, 268

Cell(s)

epigenetic reaction to radiation, 183-187

differentiation, 177, 185-186

necrosis, 181, 182

proliferation, 177, 185-186

redox state, 187-191

single hit dose, 247

sorting, dual-laser-beam, 274

spheroid-grown, 191

survival data, 72, 79

Cervical cancer, 57, 63, 67, 232, 233

Chemotherapy, and second cancer risk, 126

Chernobyl accident, 277-279, 283, 287, 289-290, 293, 294, 303, 309-310

Chlorine activation data, 23

Chromosomal aberrations.

See also Deletions;

Insertions;

Translocation frequency

and cancer risk, 47, 49

chromatid-type, 81

clonal, 77-78

dose-response relationship, 67-72, 73, 76-77, 78-80, 86, 216, 276

ESR results compared, 87

by FISH method, 82-84, 86-87, 276

G-banding method, 80-82

Giemsa staining method, 77-78, 83-84, 85

and leukemia, 123, 219, 266

from medical radiation exposures, 67-72

stable-type, 73, 74, 75, 76, 79, 80, 85, 216

study populations, 7, 31, 85

susceptibility to, 82

unstable-type, 73, 74, 76, 83, 84

Chromosome painting technique, 73, 75, 260.

See also Fluorescence in situ hybridization

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 104, 149

Chronic myelogenous (myeloid) leukemia, 104, 108, 109, 110, 113, 114, 115

City differences

bomb yields, 12, 16, 22, 40

burst height, 12, 16

cancer mortality, 77

cancer risk, 43

in chromosomal aberrations, 73, 76-77

in dose-response relationships, 76-77

gamma rays, 13, 22, 25, 26

genetic effects, 162-165

interpretation, 87

in leukemia cases, 43, 48, 106, 108, 109, 110, 111, 115

neutrons, 13, 22, 26

organ dose, 26

radiation fields, 12-13, 16, 24-25, 28

shielding histories, 6-7, 8, 26

c-Jun protein, 187

Clarke, Roger H., 305

Clonal aberrations

G-banding method, 80-81

Giemsa staining method, 77-78

usefulness of methods, 87

Cloning assay, 254, 255-256, 258, 268

CML. See Chronic myelogenous leukemia

Cobalt activation data, 23, 27, 38

Cobalt treatment, 53, 63

Cobalt-60 in rebars, 17

Coding region, mutations in, 265

Collaborative studies

Chernobyl accident, 309-310

glycophorin A assay methods, 275-276

nuclear-worker exposures, 156

Collective dose equivalent, nuclear workers, 151, 155

Colon cancer, 119, 123, 131, 137, 138, 217, 224, 229

Colon doses, 60, 64, 65

Combined analyses, national-international, 149-153, 156

Commemorative facility, 298

Computed tomography, 53, 60, 65, 66, 67

Computerized radiography, 60

Conference on Reevaluation of Dosimetric Factors, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 33

Confounding, in nuclear worker studies, 153-154, 156

Congenital malformations, 159, 160-161, 162, 163, 178

Connexins, 189

Connexons, 189

Contingency table methods, 91, 92, 93, 94

Conventional staining method. See Giemsa staining method

Cornell Medical Index, 285

Corsbie, Bob, 9

Council to Study Atomic Bomb Diseases, 296

Cryopreservation, 255, 256

CT. See Computed tomography

Cumulative dose

diagnostic x-ray exposures, 66-67, 68, 70

nuclear workers, 146

Cytogenetic

abnormalities, 159, 160, 170, 171

assays, 276-277

epidemiology, 86, 87-88

Cytokines, 268

Cytotoxicity, 181-183

D

DDT, 182

Death certificate data, 117, 120, 131, 133, 134, 141-142

Defence Research Establishment Ottawa (Canada), 34

Defense Nuclear Agency, 33

Deletions in DNA

and carcinogenesis, 266

detection, 174

ErB2/Neu gene, 181

5q chromosome, 81-82

G-banding results, 80, 81

interstitial, 81

and leukemogenesis, 266-267

partial, 74-75

radiation dose and, 265

size of, 82

terminal, 81

Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, 166

Denmark Tumor Registry, 121

Depression, 283, 285, 288, 290

Detection limits, by FISH, 84

DGGE. See Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis

Diagnostic x-ray exposures

to AHS participants, 52, 54, 56, 59, 60, 68, 70

and breast cancer, 206

and chromosomal aberrations, 67, 71

cumulative dose, 51, 66-67, 68, 70

dental, 87

dosimetry, 59-64

to LSS participants, 56

modernization of equipment and, 53

numbers of, 54, 55

from transformer-type equipment, 61

Dicentric chromosomes, 74, 75, 76

Digital subtraction angiography, 60

Disaster research, 283-284

DNA.

See also Genomic DNA alterations

adducts, 257

cleavage, 260-261

lesions, 179, 182, 192

library, 276

repair, 177, 182, 185-186, 192, 217, 257, 258

sequencing, 260

Dose.

See also Absorbed dose;

Cumulative dose

acute lethal, 249

additivity of, 246

deep, 154

definition of, 240-241

equivalent, ground range and, 43

external, 155

internal, see Organ dose;

Tissue kerma

prescription, 238

radiation therapy, 67

true, 238

uncertainties in, 44, 154

Dose-rate factor, 162, 163

Dose-response relationships

acute mortality in mice, 239

for breast cancer, 194-196, 197, 203, 206-208, 209, 210-211

cellular analysis, 246-248

to chromosome aberrations, 67-72, 73, 76-77, 78-80, 86, 276

city differences in, 76-77

for genetic effects, 160, 162

Giemsa staining method and, 76-77

leukemia, 106-107, 108, 113, 114, 115, 119, 122, 156, 219

linear, 122, 134, 160, 213-214, 241-242, 243, 247, 248-251

for lung cancer, 194, 197, 198, 212

for medical radiation exposures, 71

medical-toxicological, 238-241, 251

nuclear worker studies, 144, 146-147, 150, 154-155

public health-epidemiological, 237, 238, 241-248

shielding and, 73, 76-77, 87

solid cancers, 119, 122, 123, 124, 134, 137-138, 139, 213-215

somatic cell mutations, 274, 275-276, 278, 280

validation study, 76-77

Dosimeter.

See also Thermoluminescent dosimeters

Electronic Instruments Limited, 60

personal, 144, 146, 154, 155

somatic specific-locus gene-mutation, 214, 215, 278

Dosimetry.

See also Biodosimetry;

DS86;

T57D;

T65D

bias and uncertainty in, 154-155, 156

chromosomal aberrations and, 47, 49

cobalt activation, 38

Defense Nuclear Agency calculations, 33

diagnostic x-ray exposures, 59-63

ENDF/B-6, 33, 39

fluence spectra and, 47, 49

HSEF, 47, 49

hypocenter distance and, 40

ionization chambers, 59-60, 63

kiloton yields and, 40

LANL calculations, 32

medical radiation exposures, 59-66

microdosimetric theory, 47, 49

nuclear worker studies, 150, 154-155

ORNL, 39-40

phantom, 51, 52, 59, 60, 63

polystyrene condenser ionization chambers, 59-60

quantal observable and, 47, 49

radiation therapy exposures, 63-66

random error, 43, 45

SAIC calculations, 33

sulfur activation, 38, 39

VCS, 33, 35

Dosimetry System 1986. See DS86

Doubling dose

mice, 162-163, 164

mutational, 159, 161, 162-163, 164, 167, 172

tumors, 172, 175

DS86

absorbed dose, 76

accuracy of, 44-45, 47, 49

breast tissue dose, 207, 211

chromosomal aberrations, 73, 78, 85, 86

computer code, 19

creation of, 3, 31, 33-39

defined, 32

error sources, 44-45, 88

free-field dose, 43, 45, 47

gamma-ray dose calculations, 17, 22, 23, 25, 27, 34, 36, 37, 39,42

genetic-effect studies, 160, 276

Hiroshima weapon, 34, 37-38, 45, 47

leukemia risk, 43, 48, 110

Nagasaki weapon, 43

neutron dose calculations, 22, 26, 27, 28, 29, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40-49, 76

1995 revisions, 25-29, 39-45

organ dosimetry, 19, 21, 23, 26, 34, 35, 37, 39

origin, 31-49

participating organizations, 33, 34

population studied, 18-19, 21, 34, 36, 39

shielding data, 19-21, 22-23, 26, 31, 34, 35, 37, 39, 44-45

source term calculation, 18

transmission factors, 22-23, 34, 35-36, 42

T65D compared, 21-23, 24, 26, 27, 31, 32-33, 36-38, 76

uncertainties in risk estimates, 36

weapon radiation fields data, 19, 21-22, 33, 34, 40

E

Electron spin resonance method

biodosimetry, 74, 79-80, 84-86

chromosomal aberration frequency compared, 74, 87

cytogenetic outliers, 86

defined, 84

epilation severity and, 86

Giemsa staining method compared, 85

thermoluminescent method compared, 84

tooth-enamel results, 74, 79-80, 84-86

ENDF/B libraries, 33, 39

Epidemiological regressions, 47

Epidemiological studies.

See also Adult Health Study;

Genetic epidemiology;

Hiroshima and Nagasaki Tumor Registries;

Life Span Study;

Nuclear workers

bias in, 154

cancer, 91-99, 127-128

linear functions in, 241-242

psychiatric/psychological, 283-284, 286-287

RERF, 91-99, 128

Russian populations, 309-310

survivor recall, 31

Epigenetic response to radiation, 183-187, 189-190, 223-224

Epilation severity

and cataracts, 79

and chromosomal aberrations, 78-79, 86

and leukemia, 79, 105

Epithelial cancers, 223

Epstein-Barr virus transformation, 78

Erythrocytes, 78, 160, 214, 215, 219, 268.

See Glycophorin A assay

Esophageal cancer, 123, 132, 135, 137, 138, 148, 152

ESR. See Electron spin resonance method

Ethylene-oxide-exposed workers, 257

Ethylnitrosourea, 164

Excess absolute risk

breast cancer, 138, 139

defined, 91

future research, 306-307

importance, 92-93

leukemia, 108, 109-113, 115

lung cancer, 138, 139

modeling, 94-96

solid cancers, 92, 98, 124, 134, 135-137, 138, 141

stomach cancer, 222

Excess relative risk

age at exposure and, 222, 232

breast cancer, 122, 131, 137, 138, 139, 194-196, 197, 211, 222

cervical cancer, 232

chromosomal aberrations as basis for, 47

confidence limits, 150, 151-152, 155

defined, 91

epidemiological regressions, 47

for generalized MVK model, 230

leukemia, 108, 151, 152, 227, 235

lung cancer, 122, 131, 137, 138, 139, 197, 199, 202

modeling, 94-96

to nuclear workers, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151-152

of solid cancers, 47, 97, 98, 123, 124-125, 134, 135-137, 138, 141 , 148, 149, 150-152, 222, 226, 227, 233

Exon loss, 264, 267

Exposure. See Medical radiation exposure

Exradin Shonka-Wycoff chamber, 60

F

FACScan flow cytometer, 275, 279

Familial adenomatous polyposis, 224, 229

Family registry system, 133

Fanconi anemia, 258

Fear. See Anxiety/trauma-specific fear

First-generation offspring.

See also Genetic epidemiology

cancer in, 128, 159, 160

congenital malformations, 159, 160-161, 162

future research, 308

growth and development, 1591 160

mortality, 7, 159, 162

organ doses, 17

sex ratios, 159, 160, 162

study populations, 7, 18, 19, 160

Finch, Stuart C., 103, 310

FISH. See Fluorescence in situ hybridization

5q-clones, 81-82

Flash burns, 20, 39

Flow-cytometric measurement

of glycophorin A mutants, 214, 275

Flow sorters, 274

Fluorescence immunolabeling, 272, 273-274

Fluorescence in situ hybridization

detection limit of translocated segment, 84

G-banding method compared, 83-84

Giemsa method compared, 73-74, 83-84

glycophorin A assay compared, 276-277

usefulness of, 86-87

Fluorescence microscopy, 274

Fluoroscopic examinations, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 66, 72

Folley, Jarrett H., 102

Foundry workers, mutation studies in, 257

Fragile X syndrome, 167

Frameshift mutations, 263, 264

Free-field dose, 32, 36, 40, 42, 45, 47

French-American-British leukemia classification system, 103, 109

Fusion gene, 267

Fusion transcripts, 266

G

Gamma-ray doses

city differences, 22, 25

DS86, 22, 23, 34, 36, 38, 39, 40, 42

in open areas, 25

T57D, 9

transmission by houses and, 22-23

T65D, 17, 22

Gamma-ray/neutron ratios, 13

Gap-junctional intercellular communication, 187-193

Gap junctions, 185, 187-191

G-banding method

clonal aberrations, 80-81

5q-clones, 81-82

Giemsa staining method compared, 80

Gender differences

in background cancer rates, 95, 97

in cancer risk, 97-98

in leukemia, 104, 108, 110, 113

in lung cancer, 194, 197, 199, 200

in solid cancer risk, 123, 124-125, 135-137, 140, 223

in stomach cancer, 216

Generalized multistage model, 229-230

Genes.

See also hprt genes

breast cancer, 194

deletions, 181, 214, 215

duplications, 214, 215

reporter, 253

Genetic epidemiology.

See also Cytogenetic epidemiology;

First-generation offspring

ABCC/RERF, 165-170

biodosimetry of exposed parents, 88, 160

cancer prevalence as surrogate for, 159, 172-174

cohort characteristics, 160, 166

design of research, 174-175

DGGE system, 166

dose-response relationship, 160, 162

doubling dose, 159, 161, 162-163, 164, 167, 172

DS86 data, 81, 160

germ-line, in offspring of survivors, 170-172

mouse data, 159, 162-165, 278

minisatellite loci, 166-167

multilocus approach, 172

occupational exposures, 172-173

quality of data, 160-161

somatic cell indicators of damage, 163, 170-172

techniques, 165-170

traits studied, 159, 160

two-dimensional DNA gels, 163-164, 167-170, 171, 172, 173

Genome equivalent value, 82-83

Genomic breakpoint PCR, 260

Genomic DNA alterations, 74-75, 264

Genotoxic events, 186

Geometric mixture models, 204, 210

Germ-line studies in offspring of survivors, 170-174

Giemsa staining method

clonal aberrations, 77-78

dose-response relationship, 76-77

ESR method compared, 85

FISH method compared, 73-74, 83-84

G-banding method compared, 80

random error with DS86, 78-80

Gilbert, Ethel S., 143-156

Glucocorticoids, 190

Glucocortisol replacement therapy, 209

Glutathione levels, 182, 184, 185, 190

Glycophorin A

locus, 170, 171-172

mutants in erythrocytes, 214, 215, 219, 272

Glycophorin A assay

application to A-bomb survivors, 274

basis, 272

BR6, 275-279

Chernobyl accident victims, 277-279

cytogenetic analysis compared, 276-277

DB6, 279

evolution of, 271, 272-279

one-way-one (1W1), 272-274, 279

sensitivity, 279

single-beam sorter (SBS), 274-275, 276, 279

Gonadal dose

from medical radiation exposures, 59, 62, 63, 65, 67

mouse studies, 162

mutagenic, 162

Gram-rad concept, 240

Green tea, 189

Ground ranges

and acute symptoms, 106

and cancer incidence, 118

free-field doses as function of, 40

and leukemia risk, 102, 104, 110

population estimates, 106

of proximal exposed group, 5-6

selection of study population, 4

survivor recall of, 78

T57D, 9

and total dose, 44

H

Ham, William T., Jr., 9

Hamburg Tumor Registry, 121

Hanash, Samir M., 159-175

Hanford Nuclear Plant, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 153, 154, 155

Harris, Payne, 9

Healthy worker effect, 146

HGPRT system, 170

Hiroshima.

See also City differences

gamma radiation, 40, 42, 45-46

leukemia dose response, 107

neutron radiation, 27, 31, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45-46, 115

Red Cross Hospital, 102

shielding histories, 4-6

total dose, 31, 47

weapon leakage and yield, 40, 46, 48

weapon-replica measurements, 34

Hiroshima and Nagasaki Tissue Registries, 128, 132

Hiroshima and Nagasaki Tumor Registries

data sources, 120

early activities, 118-119

establishment of, 117, 127, 131

limitations of data, 126-127

lung cancer data, 194, 197, 199

migration of study subjects, 126-127, 141

modernization, 119-120

multiple primary tumors, 126

quality of data, 103, 120-121, 132, 141

site-specific studies, 127-128

Hiroshima University, 34, 63, 103

Histocompatibility loci, 163

Hit size effectiveness function, 47, 49, 247

Hodgkin's disease, 148, 152

Hormesis, 192

Hospital-clinic radiation exposure surveys

interviews with survivors, 57-59

practices, 52-54, 55-56

radiation therapy trends, 54, 57

hprt gene mutations

age effects, 258, 267

background (spontaneous), 258, 263, 267

with carcinogenic potential, 263, 265-267, 268

cloning assay, 254, 255-256, 258, 268

database, 263

DNA repair defects, 258

frequency, 256-259, 262, 265, 268

molecular characterization, 263-265, 268

phenotypic assay, 254, 255, 256, 258

point, 263, 264

radiation therapy and, 257, 259, 265

smoking effect, 258

TCR gene rearrangements in, 259-262, 263, 268

HPRT enzyme, 254

HSEF. See Hit size effectiveness function

HTLV-1, 103

Human Genome Project, 276

Huntington's chorea, 167

Hurst, G. Samuel, 9

Hydroperoxides, 186-187

Hyperparathyroidism, 308

Hypocenter

distance from, see Ground range

Nagasaki, 7-8

Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase gene. See hprt gene mutations

I

IARC. See International Agency for Research on Cancer

Ichiban program, 9

Ig genes, 266

Immortalized cell lines, 159, 308

Immunofluorescence, 272, 273-274

Immunoglobin gene rearrangement, 78

Impact of Events Scale, 287

In utero sample

fetal dose, 17

population studied, 5, 7, 18, 19

Insertions, 265

Interaction

psychological disorders, 296

reproductive history and radiation, 202-203, 205-212

sensitivity of analysis, 210-212

smoking and radiation, 200-202, 204, 229

Intercellular communication

gap junctional, 177, 182, 185, 187-191

low-level radiation effects, 178

International Agency for Research on Cancer, 120, 150, 156

International Atomic Energy Agency, 289, 292, 309

International Chernobyl Project, 289

International Commission on Radiological Protection, 305

International Radiation Study of Cervical Cancer, 232, 233, 234

Intestinal cancer, 190

Intron addition, 263, 264

Inverse PCR, 260

Inversions, 74, 76, 80

Ionization chambers, 63

Israel Tumor Registry, 1141

J

Jablon, Seymour, 99, 310

Jensen, Ronald H., 271-280

K

Kanazawa University (Japan), 34

Karyotyping, 75, 76, 87.

See also Giemsa staining method

Kato, Kazuo, 51-72

Kaul, Dean C., 31-49

Kerr, George D., 3-29

Kiloton yields. See Weapon yields

Kodama, Kazunori, 51-72

Kodama, Yoshiaki, 73-88

Kuick, Rork, 159-175

L

Lactation history, and breast cancer, 203, 205, 208

Land, Charles E., 193-212

LANL. See Los Alamos National Laboratory

Laryngeal cancer, 152

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 274, 275, 280

Leukemia in survivors

ABCC surveys, 102-103, 106

accelerated aging and, 106, 108

acute radiation symptoms and, 105

age at exposure and, 104, 108, 110, 113

atmospheric nuclear weapons testing and, 105-106

bone marrow dose and, 110, 111

childhood, 219

chromosomal aberrations and, 123, 219, 266

city differences, 43, 48, 106, 108, 109, 110, 111, 115

confounding factors, 154

dose-response relationship, 106-107, 108, 113, 114, 115, 119, 122, 156, 219

DS86 estimates and, 48, 110

epiliation severity and, 79

excess absolute risk, 109-113, 115

excess cases, 109-113, 119

excess relative risk, 108, 151, 152, 226, 234, 235

gender and, 104, 106, 110, 113

ground range and, 104, 106, 109

identification of cases, 102-103

mortality, 43, 44-45, 48, 79, 109

mutations and, 266, 268

neutron radiation and, 108, 115

nuclear workers compared, 114, 147, 148, 150-153, 154, 155, 156,165

in ''open-city" population, 105, 108-109

organ doses, 17

protective effect of low doses, 114

protracted, low-dose-rate exposures and, 114

radiation therapy and, 67, 82

risk assessment, 93, 103-109, 222, 226

shielding and, 44-45, 103

subtype classification, 103, 109, 110, 114, 115

T57D estimates and, 106

threshold exposure for, 114

time since exposure and, 106, 110, 112, 115, 226, 234

T65D estimates and, 107, 108

T65DR estimates and, 119

uncertainties in estimates, 104, 105-106

Leukemia Registry, 103, 108, 109, 120, 133

Leukemogenesis, 123, 182, 219, 225, 226, 235, 266, 267

Lewis, Susan E., 162

Life expectancy, of first-generation off-spring, 160

Life Span Study

bone marrow doses, 70

breast cancer cohort, 203, 208

cancer risk assessment methods, 92-93, 94, 120, 128, 146, 192

database, 36, 39, 120

design of, 193-1214

doses, 146

leukemia incidence, 106, 108, 109-113

medical radiation exposures, 51, 52, 53, 56, 57, 126

mortality data, 119, 141-142, 306-307

noncancer mortality risks, 307-308

population studied, 4-5, 7, 18, 19, 132, 203, 307

Report13, 224-225, 226, 232

Report14, 92, 93, 96-99

shielding histories, 6-7, 39

solid cancer incidence and mortality, 92, 96-99, 118, 120, 122, 123 , 128, 131-142

suicide rates, 285

Linde facility, 144

Lindee, Susan, 174-175

Linear electron accelerators, 63

Linear no-threshold

hypothesis, 237, 242, 248-251

model, 191

Little, Mark P., 221-236

Liver cancer, 122, 123, 127-128, 131, 135, 137, 138, 139, 141, 142

Liver disease, chronic, 308

Logistic model, 210-212

Long PCR, 260

Los Alamos National Laboratory

nuclear worker exposures, 145, 148, 150

source term calculation, 18

weapon leakage data, 32, 34

weapon radiation-field experiments, 8-9

Lovastain, 189

Low-level radiation

and carcinogenesis, 191-192

cellular analysis, 247

effects, 155, 162, 182, 308-309

future research, 308-309

and somatic mutation, 219, 279

LSS. See Life Span Study

Lung cancer in survivors

age at exposure and, 199

attained age and, 199

data sources, 135

dose-response relationship, 194, 197, 198, 212

gender differences in, 194, 197, 198, 199

histological type, 139-140

incidence, 123, 138, 198, 199

mortality, 138, 139, 198

mutations and, 229, 265

radiation therapy, 57

radon inhalation studies compared, 198, 229

risk, 122, 123, 131, 137, 138, 139, 197, 199, 202

smoking and, 148, 193, 198-202, 204, 212, 229

studies, 119

two-mutation model, 229

uranium miners compared, 193, 197, 200, 202, 204, 212, 229

Lung doses

from medical radiation exposures, 60, 64, 65

in nuclear workers, 154

Lymphoma, 102, 103

Lymphcyte kinetics, 87.

See also Tlymphocytes

M

Mabuchi, Kiyohiko, 117-129, 131-142

Masanobu, Tomonaga, 102

Master Sample. See Life Span Study

Maximum likelihood methods, 134

Mayak facility (former Soviet Union), 114

MDM2 gene product, 186

Mechanistic carcinogenesis models, 221-236

Medical College of Virginia, 9

Medical radiation exposures of survivors

AHS participants, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57-58, 59, 60, 66, 68, 69,72

and cancer incidence, 52

dosimetry, 59-66

hospital and clinic surveys, 52-59

LSS participants, 51, 52

significance of, 66-72

Medical-toxicological functions

for acute radiation responses, 239-241

for pharmaceuticals, 238-239

Melanoma, 153

Mendelsohn, Mortimer L., 213-219

MF. See Mutant frequency

Microdosimetry, 47, 49, 247

Midtown Manhattan Study, 284

Minisatellite loci, 166-167

Mitogenesis, 190

Mitogens, 74

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Shipyard factory, 44-45

Mixture models, 200, 202, 204, 206, 207

Miyagi Tumor Registry, 121

Miyazawa, Chyuzo, 73-88

Molecular epidemiology, 179

Moloney, William C., 104-105

Moolgavkar-Venzon-Knudson model, 228-236

Moore, Daniel H., II, 271-280

Mound Laboratory, 145, 148, 150

Mouse studies, genetic effects, 162-165, 186

Multiple myeloma, 148, 153

Multiplex PCR method, 260, 268

Multiplicative risk models, 200, 201, 202, 204, 206-210, 211, 222

Multiplicative transfer of risks, 222

Multistage carcinogenesis models, 229-230

Mutagenesis, 181

Mutagens, 164, 181, 248, 253, 257

Mutant

frequency, 253, 256, 257, 259, 261, 268

mutation distinguished from, 257-258, 259

sibling, 261

Mutation-growth-mutation model, 214

Mutations, 128.

See also hprt gene mutations;

Somatic-cell mutations;

Two-mutation model

age effect, 256

from apoptotic cells, 192

assays for, 254

and carcinogenesis, 179, 181, 213-219, 248

complex, 265

disease surrogates for, 167

doubling dose, 159, 162-163

of erythrocyte and blood plasma proteins, 160

frequencies, 261, 262

in glycophorin system, 170

half-life, 215-216, 268

in HGPRT system, 170

hot spots, 263

lethal, 163, 182

methods for detecting, 260

in minisatellite loci lengths, 166

mutants distinguished from, 257-258, 259

nucleotide substitutions, 166

p53 gene, 179, 265

point, 181, 263, 264

primary frequencies, 254

in reporter regions, 254, 265-266

splice, 263, 264

spontaneous, 161, 162, 164, 166, 267

stem cell, 213, 214, 217, 248

T-cell antigen receptor gene defect, 170

tandem, 264

variant frequency, 255

MVK model, 228-229

generalized, 229-236

Myelodysplastic syndrome, 82

Myeloma, 102, 103

Myoma uteri, 308

Myotonic dystrophy, 167

N

Nagasaki.

See also City differences

burst height, 7-8

hypocenter, 7-8, 40

leukemia mortality risk, 44-45

neutron measurements, 40, 41

shielding considerations, 21

T65DR, 7-8

Nagasaki Prefectural Cancer Registry, 132-133

Nagasaki Tumor Registry. See Hiroshima and Nagasaki Tumor Registries

Nakamura, Nori, 73-88

Nakano, Mimako, 73-88

Nara University (Japan), 34, 102

National Academy of Sciences, 174, 304-306

National Cancer Institute (US), 119

National Institute of Radiological Sciences (Japan), 17, 34

National Registry of Radiation Workers, 150

National Research Council, 174

Neel, James V., 159-175, 305

Nervous system cancers, 123, 141

Neurasthenia, 290, 291

Neuropsychiatric Screening Adjunct, 284

Neutron radiation.

See also Gamma-ray/neutron ratios

cadmium-difference gold measurements, 40, 41

chlorine activation data, 23

DS86 dose, 22, 26, 27, 28, 29, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40-49, 76

free-field dose, 36, 40, 42

Hiroshima, 27, 31, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 46, 115

and leukemia, 108, 115

organ dose, 26, 162

relative biological effectiveness, 162, 232

source term, 27

sulfur-activation data, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44

T57D, 9

thermal activation data, 26, 27, 28, 29, 34, 38, 39, 40-49

T65D, 22, 26, 36, 38, 76

weapon leakage and yield, 40, 46

Nevada Test Site

fast reactor experiments, 13-14, 32, 45

Nagasaki-like weapons tests, 40

transmission-factor measurements, 15

weapon radiation-field experiments, 8-11, 16, 37-38

Nuclear factor-kb (NF-kb), 177, 182, 184, 185, 187, 190

Nicklas, Janice A., 253-269

NIRS study, 17

No. 5 Lucky Dragon crew, 296

Noncancer mortality risks, 307-308

Non-overlapping indicators, 161

Not-in-city group, defined, 5-6

NTS. See Nevada Test Site

Nuclear-worker exposures

cancer data, 146, 150-153

collaborative study, 156

combined analyses of data, 149-153

confounding factors, 152, 153-154, 156

dose-response analysis, 146-149

dosimetry, 144, 146-147, 150, 151, 154-155, 156

external comparisons, 146

to external radiation, 144-146

and leukemia, 114

mortality, 151, 155-156

national-international analyses, 149-150, 153, 155, 156

objective of studies, 147

population characteristics, 144, 145

statistical methods, 146-147

uncertainties in risk estimates, 153-155, 156

Nucleotide substitutions, 166, 174

O

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

ENDF/B-6 calculations, 39

Ichiban program, 9

radiation transport calculations, 8-9, 25-29, 34

T57D system, 3, 8-9

T65D system, 3

Y-12 plant workers, 144, 145, 147-148, 149, 150, 153

Occupational exposures, 59, 172-173.

See also Nuclear workers

Offspring of survivors.

See also First-generation offspring

cancer prevalence as surrogate for genetic effects in, 172-174

germ-line studies in, 170-172

populations studied, 7

Ogg, Wendell, 13

Ohtaki, Kazuo, 73-88

O'Leary, Hazel, 304-305

Oncogenes, 179, 181, 182, 189, 213, 214, 217, 254, 266

Oncogenesis, radiation-induced, 165, 172.

See also Carcinogenesis

Oncogeny, 178, 189

O'Neill, J. Patrick, 253-269

Ontario Tumor Registry, 121

Open-area doses

DS86, 20, 24, 25, 28

ORNL calculations, 28

T65D, 17, 24, 25, 28

Open-city population, 105, 108-109

Operation

BREN, 13-14

Hardtack II, 13

Plumbbob, 9-11

Teapot, 8-9

Organ doses.

See also specific organs

from A-bombs, 17, 19, 21, 23, 26, 32, 33

DS86 data, 19, 21, 23, 26, 34, 35, 133

gamma rays, 26

medical, 52, 59-60, 62, 63-65, 66, 67, 68

neutrons, 26

and solid tumor incidence and mortality, 133-134

T65D data, 17, 23, 26, 32

ORNL. See Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Oropharyngeal cancer, 123, 131-132

Oropharyngeal lesions, 105

Osaka Tumor Registry, 121

O'Toole, Tara, 305

Outliers

cytogenetic, 86

ESR method and, 86

Ovarian cancer, 119, 123, 131, 137, 138, 141

Oxford University (UK), 34

Oxidative stress, 177, 182, 183-184, 185, 190, 191, 192

P

Palindromic (P) nucleotides, 261, 267

Pancreatic cancer, 123, 135

Pantex facility, 144

Partially blocked ontogeny theory, 178, 189

Pawel, David J., 73-88

PCR, 260, 268

Peterson, Leif E., vii-xviii

p53

phosphorylation, 187, 190

protein, 184, 186

tumor-suppressor genes, 179, 182-183, 185-186, 265

Phantom dosimetry, 51, 52, 60, 63

Mix-D, 59

Phenobarbital, 182

Phorbol esters, 182, 184, 186

Phospholipase D, 186

Photofluoroscopy, 53

Phycoerythrin, 274, 275, 279

Pierce, Donald A., 91-99, 214, 217

Plutonium production, 114

Poisson regression methods, 134

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons, 257

Polystyrene condenser ionization chambers, 59-60

Post-traumatic stress disorder, 283, 284, 287, 288, 290, 291

Preeg, William E., 18

Pregnancy. See Reproductive history;

Untoward pregnancy outcomes

Preston, Dale L., 101-115, 131-142

Protein kinase activity, 184, 190

Protein kinase C, 186

Proximal exposed survivors

cancer mortality in, 118

DS86 cases, 21

ground ranges, 5-6

leukemic cases, 203

shielding histories, 6-7, 8, 21

Psychic numbing, 287

Psychological closure, 287

Psychological effects of radiation catastrophes

A-bomb survivors, 283, 285, 286, 287, 290, 291-292, 294

Chernobyl accident, 283, 287, 289-290, 293, 294

epidemiological research, 283-284, 286-287

media coverage and, 292-293

modifying factors, 292-293

perceptions of risk, 284

persistence of symptoms, 291

post-traumatic stress disorder, 283, 284, 287, 288, 290, 291

research needs, 293-294

risk factors, 283, 292, 293

Three Mile Island accident, 283, 286, 288-289, 291, 292, 294

types of problems, 283, 284, 285, 288-292

Purpura, 105

Putnam, Frank W., 304

Q

Quantal observables, 245.

See also Biological quantal response

R

Radiation Effects Research Foundation.

See also Life Span Study

autopsy program, 120, 128, 133, 141-142

cancer epidemiology, 91-99

clinical program, 133

future research, 303-304, 306-310

genetic studies, 74, 165-170, 274, 280

independent review of programs, 305

Leukemia Registry, 120

medical dosimetry program, 51, 52, 62

selection of study populations, 4, 34

shielding data, 46-47

surgical program, 128, 133

tissue registries, 128

tumor registry development, 119

Radiation fields.

See also Weapon radiation fields

Bare Reactor Experiment Nevada, 13-14

Radiation therapy

AHS participants, 53, 59

and chromosomal aberrations, 72

dosimetry of exposures, 63-66

and double primary cancer cases, 67, 126

and hprt mutations, 257, 259, 265

and leukemia, 67, 82

LSS participants, 51, 52, 53

lymphocytic mutant half-life, 215-216, 268

and primary cancer cases, 51

and risk of secondary cancer, 233

trends, 53, 54, 57, 58

Radical induction, 84, 86, 184, 187

Radiobiology, medical vs. public health functions, 237-251

Radiological examination. See Diagnostic x-ray exposures

Radiophobia, 289, 290, 291

Radioresistance, 184, 190

Radiosensitivity, 79-80, 86, 95, 185, 186, 190, 206, 303, 306

Radon, inhaled, and lung cancer, 197, 198, 202

Random error

Giemsa staining method, 78-80

with DS86, 78-80

ras oncogene, 182

Reactive oxygen species, 183-184, 190

Reactor experiments, 13-14

Reciprocal translocations, 73-74, 75, 76, 82, 84

Recognition signal sequence (RSS), 266, 2287

Rectal cancer, 119, 123, 132

Relative biological effectiveness, 162

Relative risk.

See also Excess relative risk

regression, 91, 92, 94

time constant, 222

Reproductive history, and breast cancer, 193, 202-203, 205-212

RERF. See Radiation Effects Research Foundation

Research Institute for Nuclear Medicine and Biology (Japan), 63

Restriction landmark genomic scanning, 168-170

Retinoblastoma, 219, 228

Retinoids, 189, 190

Risk, perceptions of, 284

Risk assessment

additive models, 200, 201, 202, 204, 206-209, 210, 211, 222

applications of data, 96

extrapolation from A-bomb survivor data, 156

genetic, 88

leukemia, 93, 103-109

linear nonthreshold hypothesis, 248-251

logistic model, 210-212

multiplicative models, 200, 201, 202, 204, 206-210, 211, 222

Poisson regression methods, 134

solid cancers, 47, 49, 95, 96, 117, 121-127, 128, 134

temporal patterns in, 123, 125-126

uncertainties in, 36, 51-52, 88, 104, 105-106, 128, 153-155, 156, 192, 221, 235-236

validation of, 143-155

Risk factors

for breast cancer, 193, 194

future research, 308

for lung cancer, 193, 194

for psychological disorders, 283, 292, 293

Ritchie, Rufus H., 9

Rocky Flats Weapons Plant, 145, 150, 153

Ron, Elaine, 131-142

RT-PCR method, 260, 268

Russell 7-locus test system, 162, 163, 164

Russell, Walter J., 51-72

Russian studies, 309-310

S

SAIC. See Science Applications International Corporation

Salivary gland cancer, 122, 132, 137, 138, 141

Salivary gland doses, 60, 64, 65

Sanders, Fred, 13

Sarcoma, 67

Satoh, Chiyoko, 159-175

Savannah River Plant, 144

Scattered radiation, medical, 63

Schull, William J., 99, 160

Science Applications International Corporation, 33, 34, 39

Seattle Tumor Registry, 121

Sellafield Nuclear Reprocessing Facility workers, 145, 146, 148,151, 165

Sex differences. See Gender differences

Sex ratios, 159, 160, 162

Shielding

and chromosomal aberrations, 86

and dose-response relationships, 73, 76-77, 86, 87

DS86, 19-21, 22-23, 26, 31, 34, 35, 37, 39, 44, 45, 46-47

factor, 32

factory, 19, 21, 39, 44-45, 77

and leukemia risk, 44-45, 103

no adjacent house, 46

one-story house, 4-6, 11, 19, 26

Operation Plumbbob, 11

of proximal exposed survivors, 6-7, 8

survivor recall of, 31, 43, 45, 78

terrain, 19, 20, 46

T57D system, 9

T65D system, 7, 13-14, 20, 26, 32

unknown, 14

VCS calculations, 33, 35

Shigematsu, Itsuzo, 295-300

Signal transduction, 177, 185, 186, 189, 190

sil gene, 267

sil-Tal-1 gene, 267

Singapore (Chinese) Tumor Registry, 121

Sister chromatid exchange, 257

Skin cancer (non-melanoma), 122, 123, 124, 132, 134, 137-138, 139, 141, 179, 186

Skin doses, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66

Slant range, 23, 40, 44

Sloan-Kettering Institute, 60

Small genomic deletions, 263, 264

Smoking

and hprt mutation frequency, 258

and lung cancer risk, 148, 193, 198-202, 204

Social stigma, 289, 293

Solid cancers in survivors.

See also Hiroshima and Nagasaki Tumor registries

absolute yield, 249

attained age and, 125, 137, 216-217, 218

background rates, 134

confounding factors, 154

dose-response relationship, 119, 122, 123, 124, 134, 137-138, 139, 213-215

doubling dose, 172

DS86 estimates and, 133-134

excess absolute risk, 124, 134, 135-137, 138, 141

excess cases, 122, 123, 128

excess relative risk, 123, 124-125, 134, 135-137, 138, 139, 141, 142, 150-152, 222, 226, 227, 233

gender differences, 123, 124-125, 134, 135-137, 140, 223

and germ-line damage, 172-174

LSS incidence and mortality, 96-99, 122, 123, 128, 131, 132, 134-142

mixed, 247-248

mortality from, 117-118, 122, 124, 125, 242

multiple primary tumors, 124, 126

mutagenesis studies, 128, 159, 160, 162, 224-225, 266

nuclear workers compared, 147-148, 150-153, 154, 155

number of, 242, 244-245

organ doses and, 133-134

primary cancer cases, 131, 134

quality of data, 140-142

risk assessment, 47, 49, 95, 96, 117, 121-127, 128

site-specific, 122, 123, 124, 127-128, 131-132, 134-140, 152-153

somatic mutation model, 213-219

sources of data, 132-133

temporal patterns in, 123-125, 128, 134, 135-137, 138, 139, 140

treatment-related, 126

T65DR estimates and, 119

Somatic cell mutations

assay, see Glycophorin A assay

and carcinogenesis, 213-219, 253, 254

collaborative studies of A-bomb survivors, 274

dose-response relationship, 274, 275-276, 278, 280

frequency of, 257

indicators of genetic damage, 170-172

and leukomogenesis, 267

spontaneous, 253-254

in TK6 human lymphocytoid cell line, 164

Somatization, 290, 291

Source term calculation, 18

Southern blot analysis, 166, 260, 263

Soviet Union (former).

See also Chernobyl accident

nuclear worker exposures, 114

src kinase, 187

Statistical methods.

See also Risk assessment

A-bomb survivors, 91-100

Armitage-Doll multistage model, 214, 216, 217-218, 221, 223-226, 227, 228, 229, 235

combined analysis, 149

confounding factors, 153-154

contingency tables, 91, 92, 93, 94

dose-response analysis, 146-149

excess absolute risk, 91, 92-93, 94-96

excess relative risk, 47, 91, 94-96

external comparisons, 146

genetic studies, 166

history of models used, 92-96

leukemia risks, 101, 103-109

Moolgavkar-Venzon-Knudson model, 228-236

multistage carcinogenesis models, 229-230

nuclear worker studies, 146-147

relative risk regression, 91

RERF cancer epidemiology, 91-99

sample size problems, 156

stratified analysis, 93, 153

two-mutation model, 214, 217, 221, 226, 228-229, 235

uncertainties in risk estimates, 36, 51-52, 152, 153-155, 156

Stem cell theory, 178, 189

Stem cells

age-related changes in, 218

apoptosis, 182, 186

CD34+ myeloid, 268

clonal aberrations, 78, 81

gap junctions, 189

mutations in, 213, 214, 217, 248

number of, 217

Stirling County Study, 284

Stomach cancer, 119, 123, 131, 137, 138, 216, 222

Stomach doses, 60, 64, 65

Stratified analysis, 93

Sulfur-activation data, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44

Susceptibility to radiation injury. See Radiosensitivity

Susumu, Watanabe, 102, 103

T

T lymphocytes

clonal aberrations, 78, 79, 81

mutants, 259

T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 266-267, 268

T-cell receptor genes

analytical methods, 260

characterization, 255

defects, 78, 170, 258, 266

rearrangements in hprt mutants, 259-263, 267, 268

Takuso, Yamawaki, 102

tal-1 gene, 266

Task Force on Behavioral Effects of the President's Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island, 288

Telomere structure, 81

Telomerase activity, 81

Temporal patterns of risk, 128.

See also Age (attained);

Age at exposure;

Time since exposure

in breast cancer, 203, 205, 206, 209, 212

relative risk regression method, 91, 92-93, 94

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) activity, 261

Tetraploid cells, 74

T57D system, 3, 8-13, 106

Thermoluminescent dosimeters

with Exradin Shonka-Wycoff chamber, 60

medical radiation exposure studies, 63

MSO-S, 60

Thermoluminescent measurements, 17, 22, 23, 25, 27, 34, 36, 37, 38 , 42, 84

Three Mile Island accident, 283, 286, 288-289, 291, 292, 294

Threshold-sigmoid medical-toxicological function, 237, 241, 247, 250

Thyroid cancer, 122, 123, 124, 132, 134, 137, 138, 139, 141, 173-174

Thyroid gland doses, 60, 64, 65

Time since exposure

and cancer risk, 91, 96, 221-222

and leukemia risk, 106, 109, 110, 112, 115, 234

and solid cancer risk, 136, 140

Tissue kerma

free-field unshielded, 32

in-air, 9, 17, 21

TK6 cell line, 164

TLD. See Thermoluminescent dosimeters

TMI. See Three Mile Island accident

Tooth-enamel dosimetry, 75, 79-80, 84-86

Topoisomerase II consensus cleavage sequences, 266

TPA, 186, 190

Transcription factors, activation of, 182

Translocation frequency

double, 78

by FISH method, 82-84, 276

by G-banding method, 80, 81, 82-83

by glycophorin A assay, 276

reciprocal, 73-74, 75, 76, 82, 84

Transmission factors.

See also Shielding

adjacent shielding and, 45-46

DS86, 22-23, 34, 35-36, 45-46

for gamma rays, 22-23

globe technique, 14, 20

T65D, 14-15, 22-23, 32

Trosko, James E., 177-192

T65D

absorbed dose, 76

basis for, 32

city differences, 16

development, 5

DS86 compared, 21-23, 24, 26, 27, 31, 32-33, 36-38, 76

inadequacies in, 17-18, 31

and leukemia, 107, 108

neutron dose, 22, 26, 36, 38, 76

open areas, 17, 37

organ doses, 17, 23, 26, 37

reassessment of, 3, 7-8, 31, 32-33

shielding data, 7, 13-14, 37, 45, 46

transmission factors, 14-15, 22-23

weapon radiation fields data, 19, 21-22, 27

T65DR, 3, 7-8, 31, 32-33, 274

Tumor promoters, 190, 191

Tumor registries.

See also Hiroshima and Nagasaki Tumor Registries

purpose and uses, 129, 173

Tumor-suppressor genes, 82, 128, 179, 181, 182-183, 185-186, 189, 213, 214, 217, 254

Tumors.

See also Solid cancers in survivors

embryonic, 219

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis

DNA, 164, 167-170, 171-172, 174, 260

proteins, 167-170

Two-mutation models, 214, 217, 221, 226, 228-229, 235

Tyrosine kinase activity, 184, 186

U

United Kingdom

Atomic Energy Authority, 145, 149, 153

Atomic Weapons Establishment, 145, 148, 149, 153

National Radiation Protection Board, 305

nuclear worker studies, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150

United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation , 144, 165, 223-224

University of Kyoto (Japan), 17

University of Utah, 34

Untoward pregnancy outcomes, 160, 161, 162

UPO. See Untoward pregnancy outcomes

Uranium miners

lung cancer in smokers, 193, 197, 200, 202, 204, 212, 229

multistage model applied to, 234

US Army, shielding calculation system, 33

US Atomic Energy Commission, 9

US Department of Energy, 33, 304-305

US-Japan joint research programs, 18

Uterine cancer, 122, 123, 134, 135

V

Vaeth, Michael, 99

Valentine, William N., 102, 103-104

Variant frequency, 255, 256, 257

Vascular dystony, 290, 291

V(D)J recombinase, 260-261, 266, 267, 268

Vehicle Code System (VCS), 33, 35

VF. See Variant frequency

VNTR loci, 166-167

W

Weapon radiation fields

DS86, 19, 24, 25-28, 36

city differences, 12-13, 16, 24

ORNL calculations, 25-28

T57D, 8-9, 12

T65D, 16, 24, 25-28, 32

Weapon testing, atmospheric, 105-106, 296

Weapon yield

city differences, 12, 16, 22, 40, 46

and dosimetry, 40

leakage spectrum, 48

and thermal neutron activation, 46

Werner syndrome, 258

Whole body irradiation, 239, 243

Wielopolski, Lucian, 237-251

Wilson, Robert R., 9, 13

Worker studies. See Nuclear-worker exposures

World Health Organization, 309

X

X-ray exposures. See Diagnostic x-ray exposures

Xeroderma pigmentosum, 258

Y

Yamamichi, Yamasowa, 102

Yamazaki, James N., 102

York, Edwin N., 9

Z

Zimbrick, John D., 303-310