Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations.

A

Abell 2218, 123

Abraham, 19

Absolution by Murder (Tremayne), 357–358

Actium, Battle of, 367

Adams, John Couch, 269, 306, 312

Adventures of Tintin (Hergé), 103

Akkadians, 83

Albedo, 314, 324, 435

Al-Biruni, 328

Aldebaran, 245

Alexander the Great, 17, 18, 86, 381

Alexandria, Church of, 365, 366

Algol, 322–326

Allegheny Observatory, 201

Almanac, astronomical, 94

American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 179, 231

American Association for the Advancement of Science, 206, 231

American Astronomical Society, 225

American Philosophical Society, 231

Angles, 360, 361, 363

Angstrom, 145–146

Ångström, Anders, 146

Anno Domini, 366, 377

Annular eclipse(s), 48, 424

of 1831, 237

of 1879, 210–212

of 1963, 417

of 1983, 417

of 1998, 417

of 1999, 331, 332, 333

of 2002, 341, 350

of 2002 to 2022, 340, 341, 342

of 2003, 341, 350

of 2005, 343, 345, 350

of 2012, 351

of 2013, 345

of 2059, 417

of 2078, 417

of 2097, 417

contact points in, 282, 428

definition of, 47, 388

Earth’s orbit and, 389

forthcoming, 350–351

frequency of, 431

Metonic cycle of, 417

number of, 432

saronic cycle and, 414

total eclipse and, 52

in twentieth century, 76

Annunciation, 367

Antony, Mark, 367

Aphelion

definition of, 45, 435

Earth near, 65, 149, 389, 423, 424, 435

Mercury near, 279

perihelion and, 395

solar energy and, 386, 387

Apocalypse, 373–374

Apogee

definition of, 47, 435

Moon near, 6, 7, 47, 149, 387–388, 421, 427

opposition and, 408

Apollo missions, 11, 12, 150

Appulse, 257, 303, 305, 435

Arabia, Arabs, 16, 155

Arbela, Battle of, 381

Archilochus, 1

Arcsecond, 435

Aristarchus of Samos, 29, 87

Aristophanes, 37

Aristotle, 29

Arrest, Heinrich d’, 269

Assyria, Assyrians, 18, 83–84

Asteroid(s), xiv.

See also specific asteroids

binary, 319–320

comets and, 260

Eros, 300

measuring, 253–260

Mitchella, 234

movements of, 68

occultation of, 272

planets and, 311

Sun and, 126

TNOs and, 311

transits and, 308

Astrology, 27, 84, 85

Astronomical Society of London, 263

Astronomical unit (AU), 120, 285, 299–301, 435

Athens, Athenians, 24, 43, 148

Auguries of Innocence (Blake), 356

Augustine, Saint, 362–363, 367–368

Augustus, 39, 367

Aureole, 284

Aurora(s), 6, 131, 373, 374

Azimuth, 435

B

Babbage, Charles, 73–74, 263

Babylon, Babylonia, Babylonians

comet of 5 B.C. and, 21

day length and, 148

Greece and, 18

Jewish Exile in, 28

lunar eclipses in, 54, 57

on Metonic cycle, 43

on precession of equinoxes, 397

on predicting eclipses, 36

recording of eclipses by, 14–16, 26, 72, 80, 82, 83–89, 155–156

sabattu and, 28

saros and, 46, 85–86, 89

total solar eclipses in, 54, 328

Baily, Francis, 11, 135, 180, 182, 263

Baily’s beads, 11, 12, 135, 180–182, 187, 337, 339, 435

Baker, Stanley, 210

Balls, tennis, 107

Banks, Sir Joseph, 286

Barycenter, 69, 315, 384–386, 387, 388, 389, 435

Baseball Hall of Fame, 185

Bede, the Venerable, 377–378, 379

Bedouins, 175

Bell Laboratories, 217

Benedict Biscop, Saint, 369, 377

Beta Persei, 322

Bevis, John, 304, 305

Bible, 19–20, 21–23, 184, 189, 192, 367, 373.

See also New English Bible

Binoculars, 32, 301, 328, 329

Black-drop effect, 282, 283, 284

Blake, William, 356

Bloomsday, 185

Blue moon, xi, xii, xiii, 229, 240–243

Bond, William, 232

Boston Globe, 185, 203, 208

Boston Independent Chronicle, 183

Bowditch, Nathaniel, 184, 185, 187, 194

Brahe, Tycho, 57

Breen, Aidan, 372

Britain, British, 44, 91–93, 94–95, 117–118, 359–361, 368–371, 375

British Museum, 155

Brown, Ernest, 69, 223–224

Brunel, Isambard Kingdom, 263

Butler, Samuel, 25

Byzantium, Byzantines, 174, 359

C

Caesar, Julius, 17, 18, 39, 78, 359, 365, 390, 407

Caine, Michael, 210

Calendarium (Regiomontanus), 96, 97

Calendar (s), 103

Babylonians on, 83

calibrating, 16, 17–18

ecclesiastical, 44

Egyptian, 71–72

Gregorian, 39, 173, 390, 392–394, 406–407

Hebrew, xiii, 39, 44, 85

Julian, 88–89, 173, 364, 365, 367, 406–407

Metonic, 43–44

Moon’s influence on, 38–40, 41

predictions of eclipses and, 78

Western, 28, 39, 386–387, 393, 406

Callippus, 81

Callisto, 384

Cambridge University, 21, 165, 269

Cancer, 204, 307

Canterbury, Archbishop of, 163, 363, 370

Capella, 335

Capitana (ship), 97

Capone, Al, 221

Carret, Philip L., 226

Carthage, Carthaginians, 23

Cassini, Giovanni, 138

Cassini, Jacques, 294

Castor, 209, 335

Catholic Church, 368, 407

Celestial equator, 391–392

Celestial mechanics, 68, 75, 380

Celtic Church, 38, 357–358, 363, 366, 368–375

Ceres (asteroid), 254, 259, 311

Cesium, 147, 149

Chaldeans, 83

Chaplin, Charlie, 104, 119

Chappe d’Autoroche, Jean, 296–297

Charlemagne, 23–24

Charon, 313–317, 323–324, 384

Chaucer, Geoffrey, 31

China, Chinese

on comet of 5 B.C., 21

cycles of eclipses and, 80

day length and, 148

during 1878 eclipse, 209

during 1925 eclipse, 224–225

New Year, 39

on predicting eclipses, ix

recording of eclipses by, 16, 155–156

on sunspots, 169

superstition in, 26–27, 175

on thirteenth century eclipse, 206

Chippewa, 175

Chord(s), 283, 290–291, 436

Chorus of Clouds, The (Aristophanes), 37

Christianity, xiii, 241, 357–380, 407

Chromosphere, 128

definition of, 130, 436

during 1878 eclipse, 209

hydrogen in, 130, 142, 143, 146

Mercury and, 281

rain and, 349

spectrum of, 142, 143, 146, 181–182

during totality, 337

Venus and, 281

Chronometer(s), 289, 299, 300

Churchill, Sir Winston, 105

Civil War, 293

Clarke, John, 179

Claudius, emperor of Rome, 68, 359

Clavius, Christopher, 186

Clementine satellite, 134

Cleopatra, 86, 367

Clock(s)

atomic, 151–152

Cook, James and, 286, 289, 290

Earth’s rotation rate and, 147

for 1780 eclipse, 178

general theory of relativity and, 110–111

Harrison, John and, 93

leap seconds and, 219

longitude and, 91, 95

transits and, 299

Coast Guard, U.S., 231

Coelfrid, 377, 378

Colorado, University of, 257

Columba, Saint, 361

Columban Church, 361

Columbus, Christopher, 96–98, 99, 104, 176, 177, 188

Coma, cometary, 260, 261, 436

Comet(s), xiv

of 1532 B.C., 19

of 5 B.C., 21

of 418, 308

of 1847, 231–232, 234

of 1882, 307

of 1948, 308

of 1998, 132

ancients on, 14, 15

Butler on, 25

Hale-Bopp, 335

Halley’s, 19, 20, 89, 161–168, 170–172, 259, 260, 285

masses of, 259–261

occultation of, 261, 272

as omens, 84, 104

orbit of, 68, 260

recording of, 72

Sun and, 134, 260–261

from telescopes, 260, 262, 263

TNOs and, 311

Comets (rock and roll group), 161

Commensurability, 276

Computers, 68, 70, 73–74, 124

Computus, 363–364, 367, 370, 375

Conduction, 128

Congress, United States, 180

Conjunction

definition of, 436

Mars-Jupiter, 303

in Metonic cycle, 416

Moon near, 42, 43, 92, 211, 224, 404

in saronic cycle, 46, 411, 418

solar eclipse and, 376, 401, 402, 403, 405, 430

Venus near, 276

Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court, A (Twain), 98, 100–101

Constantine the Great, 174, 359, 364

Contact points, 59–61

definition of, 436–437

of 2003 eclipse, 57

during lunar eclipse, 95, 427–428

during solar eclipse, 427–428

of transits, 282, 283, 290–291

Continental drift, 94, 253

Convection, convection zone, 128–129

Cook, James, 167, 274, 286–289, 291, 296, 298, 299, 300

Coolidge, Calvin, 226

Coolidge, William, 207

Cooper, James Fenimore, 185–186

Copernicus, Nicolaus, xiv, 29, 87

Corona, viii, 134, 137–146, 186, 203–205

coronagraph for, 131–133

definition of, 8, 130, 437

during 1878 eclipse, 209

Halley on, 125, 186

Mercury and, 281

during nineteenth century, 142

rain and, 349

Regulus through, 346

solar atmosphere and, 196

during totality, 337

Coronagraph, 131–133

Coronal mass ejections, 133

Coronium, 144–145

Cotes, Roger, 165

Crabtree, William, 275, 277

Crater(s), 64, 135, 234, 247

Crosby, Bing, 98

Crux, 320–321

Cycles, heavenly, 37–66, 74–75, 78.

See also specific heavenly cycles

astrology and, 84

eclipse grid and, 80–83

Hipparchus on, 86

11-year solar, 131

D

Dactyl, 320

Darius III, king of Persia, 18

Dark Ages, 360–361, 371

Darwin, Charles, 105, 106

Day, length of (LoD), 89, 147–149, 157, 163

Declaration of Independence, 178, 180, 189

Deimos, 202, 255, 314

Delawares, 191, 192

DeVico, Francesco, 232

Diamond ring effect, 10, 11, 181, 224, 337, 437

Diffraction, 249

Dion Cassius, 68

Dionysius Exiguus, 366–368, 369, 370, 371, 376–377

Dionysus, 320

Dixieland, 293–295

Dixon, Jeremiah, 293–294, 296

Doom, eclipses as portents of, 4–5, 23–25, 26–27

Doppler effect, 251, 321

Dunkin, Edward, 338

Dunsink Observatory, 263

Durham, University of, 155

Dyson, Sir Frank, xv, 113, 119

E

Eanfleda, queen, 369–370

Earth

age of, 106–107, 137, 161

near aphelion, 65, 423, 424, 433, 434

asteroids and, 255, 308–309

atmosphere of, 204

as binary, 319, 384–386

climate of, 37, 169–171, 394, 396

comets and, 259

coronagraphs and, 133

coronal mass ejections and, 133

gravitational lens and, 120, 121

interior of, 253

during lunar eclipse, 13, 47, 425, 426

Mercury and, 278, 279

Moon’s distance from, 4, 47, 149–159, 387, 431–432

Moon’s orbit around, 36, 69, 70, 246, 379, 399, 401, 403, 405

Moon’s shadow and, 217, 336–337

orbit of, viii, 7, 29, 31, 36, 42–43, 45, 104, 170, 273, 278, 386–396, 400, 401, 404, 422

near perihelion, 391, 394–396, 433, 434

planets and, 319

Pluto and, 311, 315

rotation rate of, 16, 40, 60, 147, 151–152, 154–159, 162, 170, 219–220, 241, 246, 373, 393, 420

saros and, 412

shape of, 29, 30, 51, 69, 158

during solar eclipse, 47

solar wind and, 131

stars aligned with, 124

Sun and, 4, 45, 126, 127, 171–172, 285, 298, 299–300, 352

sunspots and, 130

Thales of Miletus on, 87

tides and, 40–41, 151, 152–153, 156–158, 219

Uranus and, 266

Venus and, 276

Earthshine, 134

Easter, 363–371

in Eastern Orthodox Church, 408

full moon and, 39, 241, 407

Metonic cycle and, xiii, 44, 407

Roman tables for, 376, 377, 407

spring equinox and, 386–387, 393

Eastern Orthodox Church, 407

Eastern Roman Empire, 174, 360, 362

Eccentricity, 386, 387, 388, 394

Eclipse Awards, 2

Eclipse of the Sun, The (Wordsworth), 327

Eclipse (racehorse), 1–2

Eclipse(s).

See also graze;

specific types of eclipses

of 1208 B.C., 432

of A.D.70, 138

of 1535, 200

of 1605, 138

of 1706, 138

of 1871, 136

of 1896, 137

of 1901, 35

of 1914, 214

of 1923, 216

of 1943, 228

of 1945, 228

of 1954, 228

of 1959, 238

of 1973, 119

of 2161, 432

of 2888, 200

of Algol, 322–326

ancient, 13–26, 28–29, 68, 72, 78, 80–89, 147–149, 154–156, 162–166, 356–363

artificial, 131–134, 137

calculating, 383–434

Crucifixion, 20–23

Dionysus and, 320

distribution of, 64–65, 431–434

duration of, 59–60

etymology of, 31

frequency of, xi, 235–236

grazing, 47, 413

inclination and, 402

New York City winter, 213, 216, 217, 220–227

penumbral, 426, 427, 429

of planets, 303

Pluto-Charon, 315, 319, 324

predictions of, xiii–xiv, 33–36, 65–78, 86–96, 175–176, 216–219, 257

progression of, 331–334

repeating, 65, 80–83

Rocky Mountain, 196, 197, 199–209

romance of, 197, 198

seasons, 45, 396, 414–415, 416, 418, 429, 437

short-term, 93–96

synodic months and, 400, 419–420

timing of, 153–156, 163, 165, 216–219, 288

types of, 46–47

viewing, 27, 32, 34, 327–330

Zulu War, 210–212

Eclipses of the Sun and Moon (Dyson and Wooley), xv

Eclipse Stakes, 2

Ecliptic.

See also ecliptic limit(s)

definition of, 31, 437

latitude and, 43, 398–399

longitude and, 43

Moon and, 43, 49, 402–405, 412, 428

obliquity of, 398, 399

opposition and, 409

planets and, 245

Ecliptic limit(s), 413–416

definition of, 45, 437

of 2003 eclipse, 57

of lunar eclipses, 340, 418, 428–429

in Metonic cycle, 417

of partial solar eclipses, 429–430

Eddington, Sir Arthur Stanley, x, 110, 111, 113, 119, 290

Edgeworth-Kuiper belt, 310

Edison, Thomas Alva, 205–207

Egress, 282, 283, 292, 294, 295, 296

Egypt, Egyptians

Alexander the Great in, 18, 86

comet and, 307

day length and, 148

Easter and, 365

leap years and, 78

on predicting eclipses, ix

pyramids in, 143

Romans and, 39

on total solar eclipses, 328

on year length, 71–72

Einstein, Albert

general theory of relativity, ix–x, 70, 104, 109–113, 119, 308

on gravitational fields, 119–121, 124

Einstein Cross, 122

Einstein Ring, 122

Elamites, 83

Electrification, 262, 263

Elizabeth I, queen of England, 95

Emergence, 282

Emersion, 282

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 310

Encke, Johann, 300

Endeavour (ship), 286, 287

England, English. See Britain, British

Enthusiasts, eclipse, viii, x, 3, 31–33, 103, 134–137, 327–355, 433.

See also specific eclipse enthusiasts

in 1878, 197, 202–203, 208–209

in 1925, 224–225

on transits of Venus, 277–278

in Victorian era, 281

Entrance, 282

Ephemeris, 70

Equator, 385, 391–392, 397, 398, 436

Equinox(es), 391–392

blue moon and, 242

Easter and, 363–364

2007 eclipse near, 354

holidays and, 39

Julian calendar and, 407

precession of, 72, 81, 82, 396–399, 403

spring, 39, 43, 241, 367, 386, 390, 393–394

Sun and, 71

tides and, 41

year length and, 79

Equipment, viewing, 113–117, 147, 333.

See also specific viewing equipment

of Cook, James, 287

for 1780 eclipse, 178

for 1878 eclipse, 201, 202–203

for 1925 eclipse, 223, 225

safety of, 327–330

shadow bands and, 336

totality duration and, 338–339

Eros (asteroid), 255

Espenak, Fred, xiv

European Space Agency, 133

F

Faraday, Michael, 263

F-corona, 139, 205

Ferrer, José Joaquin de, 186–187

Flag, United States, 180

Flamsteed, John, 93, 166

Flare, solar, 131, 437

Franklin, Benjamin, 188

Fraunhofer, Joseph von, 139, 142

Fries, Allan, 57

Full moon(s)

Alexandrine, 366

Babylonians on, 28

blue moon and, xi, xii, 240–243

celestial longitude and, 6–7

Earth’s orbit and, 389

Easter and, 39, 363, 364, 365, 375, 407

lunar eclipses and, 54–55, 84, 97, 430

Metonic cycle and, 44

opposition and, 42, 401

Passover at, 21, 22

penumbral eclipses and, 429

near perigee, 409–410

synodic month and, 71, 81, 401, 408

G

Gabriel (angel), 367

Galaxy, galaxies, 121, 122, 123, 248, 250–253, 272.

See also Milky Way

Galileo Galilei, 169, 270, 274, 304

Galileo spacecraft, 320

Galle, Johann, 269

Galvanometer, 205

Ganymede, 384

Gassendi, Pierre, 281

Gaugamela, Battle of, 18, 381

Geminids, 3

Genesis, 19

George III, king of England, 262

GMS-5 satellite, 332

Goodricke, John, 322, 325

Gospels, 21, 22

Goths, 359–360

GPS receiver, 257

Granules, 129

Gravitation, theory of, ix, x, xiv, 70, 94, 104, 109, 306, 308

Gravitational lenses, 119–124

Graze, 47, 248, 280, 304, 413

Greece, Greeks

Babylonians and, 86

cycles of eclipses and, 80

day length and, 148

on Earth’s shape, 104

eclipse etymology and, 31

Mesopotamia and, 83

on Metonic calendar, 43

octaeteris of, 366, 368

on predicting eclipses, 36

recording of eclipses by, 16

Romans and, 17, 18

on saronic cycle, 89

Sicily and, 23

on telescope, 141

on total solar eclipses, 328

Green, Charles, 286, 289, 298, 299

Greenhouse effect, 171

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), 352

Greenwich Observatory. See Royal Greenwich Observatory

Gregory, James, 285

Gregory the Great, Pope, 362

Gregory XIII, Pope, 39, 364, 407

Ground track, 53, 179–180.

See also specific types of eclipse(s)

of 1880, 213

asteroids and, 258

barycenter and, 387

definition of, 437

displacements of, 154, 155, 156

of eclipses from 1996 to 2020, 342

geographical shifts in, 49–51, 420–421

Halley on, 163, 164, 166–167, 168, 181

predictions of, 175–176, 216–219

Sun size and, 172

in twentieth century, 50

in United States, 235–236

width of, 14, 53

Gulf War, 63

Gutenberg, Johannes, 94

H

Hadrian’s Wall, 359

Ha filter, 146, 281

Haggard, H.Rider, 101, 176

Haley, Bill, 161

Hall, Asaph, 202

Halley, Edmond

on corona, 125, 139, 186

on distance to Sun, 289–290, 299, 300

on Earth’s age, 106

on 1715 eclipse, 125, 139, 161–172, 175–176, 217, 285

on predicting eclipses, 181

in Royal Society of London, 89–90, 162, 166, 285

on saros, 89, 90–91, 92–93, 94, 161

on sunspots, 167, 169

on transits, 285

Hancock, John, 178

Hanukkah, 39

Happy Valley racecourse, 2

Hardy, Thomas, 380–381

Harrison, John, 92, 93, 289, 299

Harrison, William Henry, 192, 195

Harvard University, 176, 181, 184, 227, 232

Heliacal rising, 71, 72

Helios, 141

Helium, 5, 126, 127, 140, 141–143

Henry IV (Shakespeare), 147

Henry VIII, king of England, 368

Hergé, 103, 176

Herodotus, 87, 88, 382

Herschel, Caroline, 262

Herschel, Sir John, 263, 321

Herschel, Sir William, 138, 262, 265–266, 269, 305, 321

Hesiod, 161

He Wishes for the Cloths of Heaven (Yeats), 77

Hilda, Abbess, 357, 358, 374

Hindus, Hinduism, 26

Hipparchus, 80, 81, 86, 88, 397

Ho, 26, 403

Hollerith, Herman, 73

Hollis, Thomas, 177

Holy Roman Empire, 23

Hopkinson, Francis, 180

Hornsby, Thomas, 298

Horrocks, Jeremiah, 275, 277, 281

Hsi, 26, 403

Hubble Space Telescope, 123

Ceres from, 254

Earth’s atmosphere and, 120, 250

orbit of, 301

Pluto-Charon from, 313, 315

Uranus from, 267, 268

Huber, Daniel, 323

Humphreys, Colin, 21, 22

Huns, 360

Hyades, 113

Hybrid eclipse, 432–433

Hydrogen

coma and, 260

masers, 147

in stars, 125–126

in Sun, 5, 127, 130, 142, 143, 146, 160, 281

I

Ice Age, 154–155, 157–158, 394

Ida (asteroid), 320

Immersion, 282

Incarnation, 367

Inclination, 43, 402, 404, 413, 437

India, Indians, 16, 17, 86, 136

Indians, American, 175, 188.

See also Native Americans;

specific Indian tribes

Industrial Revolution, 262

Ingress, 282, 283, 292, 295, 296

International Astronomical Union, 234

Internet, xiv

Io, 303

Ionia, Ionians, 382

Ionosphere, 133

Ion(s), 144–145, 260, 437

Iran, Iranians, 393, 394

Ireland, Irish, 20, 361, 366, 372, 375, 378

Irving, Washington, 98, 177

Isandlwana, Battle of, 210–212

Ishtar, 28

J

Jacquard, Joseph-Marie, 73

Jamaica, Jamaicans, 96–98, 99, 177, 188

Janssen, Jules, 135, 143, 144

Jefferson, Thomas, 191–192

Jeffrey, Lord Francis, 245

Jesus Christ, vii, 1, 20–23, 367

Jews, Judaism, xiii, 21, 22, 28, 85, 365

Joshua, 19–20

Joslin, Rebecca R., 31–32

Joyce, James, 185

Judea, Judeans, 20, 85

Jupiter

asteroids near, 254

comets and, 260

energy of, 108

Galileo and, 320

Mars and, 21, 303–304

Mercury and, 305

moons of, 92, 207, 289, 297, 298, 302, 303, 314, 384

Pluto Express and, 316

ring around, 270

Saturn and, 21

seven-day week and, 85

size of, 160

Sun and, 126

during total solar eclipse, 335

Uranus and, 265

Venus and, 302, 305

Justinian, 362

Jutes, 360, 361, 363

K

Kendall, Phebe, 233

Kentucky Derby, 2

Kepler, Johann, 138, 186, 274–275, 281, 286, 302, 303, 314

Khamsin, 21–22

King Lear (Shakespeare), 24

King Solomon’s Mines (Haggard), 101–103

L

Lady magazine, 328

Lambert, Charles, 338

Langley, Samuel Pierpont, 201

LASCO (Large Angle Spectroscopic Coronagraph), 133

Laser ranging, ix, 70, 150, 157

Lassell, William, 269–270

Latitude

atmospheric dust and, 64

celestial, 421

chords and, 283

day length and, 89

deduction of, 91

definition of, 436

Earth’s distance to Sun and, 296, 297

ecliptic plane and, 43, 398–399

geographical, 49

Moon and, 64, 69

parallax and, 291, 292

saronic cycle and, 227

Universal Time and, 352

Lauliwasikau, 189–190.

See also Tenskwatawa

Lawrence of Arabia, 175

Leap year(s), xii–xiii

in anomalistic year, 395–396

Catholic Church on, 407

century year and, 364

in Egypt, 78

equinoxes and, 392

in Gregorian calendar, 393–394

in Julian calendar, 88–89, 367

Metonic cycle and, 406

month’s duration in, 389

octaeteris and, 366

saronic cycle and, 46, 393, 411

in Western calendar, 18, 386–387

Leo, 245, 264, 266

Leonid meteor shower, xii, 3

Leopold, Prince, 58

Lescarbault, Edmond Modeste, 306

LeVerrier, Urbain, 269, 304–307, 308, 312, 317

Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus (Irving), 177

Light.

See also spectrum;

starlight, stars

behavior of, 248–252

gravitation and, x

light-curve, 438

Moon’s color and, 61

photons of, 128–129

refraction of, 55, 62, 111, 266

Lines

bright, 140–141, 142

coronium, 145

emission, 140–141

hydrogen, 146

nodal, 404

Little Ice Age, 169

Livy, 17

Lockyer, Sir Norman, 143, 144, 202–203

Longitude, 95–96

celestial, 288, 403, 405, 412, 413, 415, 420, 421, 424

Columbus on, 98

definition of, 436

Earth’s distance to Sun and, 295, 296, 297

ecliptic plane and, 43

geographical, 49, 286

Harrison and, 289

Moon’s orbit and, 69

nodal, 273, 414, 428

parallax and, 291, 292

of partial solar eclipse, 429

problem of, 91–93

transits and, 280, 298, 299

Universal Time and, 352

Loom, Jacquard, 73, 74

Loops, coronal, 51

Louis (son of Charlemagne), 24

Lowell, Percival, 264, 309, 311, 319, 325–326

Lowell Observatory, 257, 309, 311

Luke, gospel of, vii

Lunar eclipse(s), 4–5, 43, 54–59, 424–429.

See also total lunar eclipse(s)

of 413 B.C., 23

of 331 B.C., 18, 381

of 168 B.C., 17, 18, 35

of A.D. 33, 22, 23

of 807–810, 24

of 1453, 174

of 1769, 298

after Crucifixion, 21–22, 23

Battle of Pydna and, 17, 35

definition of, 47

duration of, 59–60

Earth’s shape and, 30

ecliptic limits of, 418

frequency of, 54, 430

full moon and, 7, 28, 84, 409

Hardy on, 380–381

horizontal, 55, 57–59

longitude and, 95–96

in Nantucket, 239

navigation and, 91–93

observation of, 288

occultation and, 272

at opposition, 401, 402, 405, 418

orbits and, 273

predictions of, 65–66

stock market and, 226

of 2002 to 2022, 339–340, 341, 351–355

total number of, 432

in twentieth century, 75, 77

Lunation, 42, 440

Luther, Martin, 368

Lydia, Lydians, 87, 382

M

Macedonia, Macedonians, 17, 86

Magnetic field, solar, 130, 131

Maine Farmers’ Almanac, 241, 242

Main sequence, 125

Maria Mitchell Association, 234

Maria Mitchell Observatory, 234

Mariner 10, 315

Mars

asteroids near, 254

atmosphere of, 204, 264–265, 266

comets and, 260

Earth’s distance to Sun and, 290

during 1806 eclipse, 194

during 2017 eclipse, 346

Jupiter and, 21, 303–304

life on, 309, 312, 326

moons of, 202, 255, 256

occultation by, 262–263

parallax and, 300

Saturn and, 21

seven-day week and, 85

during total solar eclipse, 335

Venus and, 305

Mars Global Surveyor satellite, 256

Martians, 264, 312

Mary, 367

Maskelyne, Nevil, 292

Mason, Charles, 293–294, 296

Mason-Dixon line, 293

Mass-energy equivalence, 109–110

Mauna Kea Observatory, 58

Maunder, Edward, 169

Maunder Minimum, 169

Mayas, ix

McCarthy, Daniel, 372

McKay, Chris, 257

Media, Medes, 84, 87, 382

Menstruation, 38

Mercia, Mercians, 368–369

Mercury

during 1878 eclipse, 209

during 2017 eclipse, 346

Jupiter and, 305

mass of, 315

Neptune and, 305

orbit of, 111, 272, 306, 307, 317

Saturn and, 305

seven-day week and, 85

Sun and, 308, 334–335

transits of, xii, 207, 273–274, 275, 278–284, 288, 289, 302, 353

Venus and, 302, 304–305

Mesopotamia, Mesopotamians, 18, 54, 70, 83, 155

Meteorites, 109

Meteoroids, 108, 260

Meteor(s), 3, 195

Meter, metric system, 152

Meton, 43, 81

Metonic cycle, xiii, 43–44, 406–408, 415–417

Calippic cycle and, 81

definition of, 438

ecclesiastical moon and, 364, 365–366

predictions from, 94

saronic cycle and, 79, 419

synodic months and, 71, 72

Milky Way, 121, 124, 125, 245, 256

Millennial Church, 190

Milton, John, 24

Mir, 53

Mitchell, Maria, 196, 230–234

Mithraism, 359

Modern Times (film), 104, 119

Montanari, Geminiano, 322

Month(s)

anomalistic, 402, 403, 408, 409, 410, 421, 422–423

calendar, xi, 39

draconic, 403

leap, 44

length of, 42, 68, 80–81, 149, 154, 389, 409

lunar, xii–xiii, 39, 42, 79, 81, 88, 242, 366

nodical, 403, 404, 405, 406, 408, 409, 419, 422, 429

sidereal, 399–400, 401, 402, 403, 408

synodic, 42, 43, 71, 72, 81, 154, 242, 401, 406, 408, 409, 410, 415, 416, 418, 419, 422, 430, 440

Moon.

See also blue moon;

crater(s);

full moon;

new moon

at apogee, 47

appearance of, 6–7, 12

artificial eclipses and, 131, 134

Baily’s beads around, 11, 182, 187, 337

as binary, 319, 384–386

brightness of, 61–64

calendars influenced by, 38–40

color of, 61–64

at conjunction, 42, 92

cycles of, 41–43, 399–400

during daytime, 334

Earth’s distance from, 149–159, 289, 379, 387, 431–432

ecclesiastical, 364, 375, 407

during 1925 eclipse, 224–225

edge of, 264

Hebrew calendar and, 85

Islamic calendar and, 39–40

during lunar eclipse, 47

navigation and, 92, 285

occultations of, 187, 245–248, 250–253, 255, 256, 272

at opposition, 42

orbit of, viii, ix, 34, 36, 40, 43, 44, 68–70, 104, 223–225, 286–287, 387, 395, 401, 402, 405, 421, 432

at perigee, 47, 423, 424

precession and, 403

recession of, 149–159, 153–154

Romans and, 359

shadow of, viii, 51–53, 61, 63, 95, 217, 239, 331, 336–337, 339

shape of, 69

size of, viii, 4, 6, 43, 62, 159, 172, 413, 422, 423, 424

during solar eclipse, 47

speed of, 423, 426–427

Sun and, 49–50, 138–139, 327, 375, 387, 388, 424, 433

tidal influence of, 40–41, 151, 152–153, 156–158, 219

total solar eclipses and, 181

Vulcan and, 208

waxing of, 174

Zulu War eclipse and, 211–212

Moore, John, 187

Morrison, Leslie, 155, 172

Motion, laws of

Kepler’s, 314

Newton’s, ix, 178

Mount Pinatubo, 63

Mount St. Helens, 63

Müller, Johannes. See Regiomontanus

N

Nanometer, 145

NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)

Ames Research Center, 257

Goddard Space Flight Center, xiv

Langley Research Center, 201

Mariner 10 satellite, 315

NEAR-Shoemaker satellite, 255

Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, 133

Voyager 2, 266, 267

Native Americans, 175.

See also Indians, American;

specific Native American tribes

Nativity, 21

Nature, 202

Nautical Almanac Office, U.S., 233

Naval Observatory, U.S., 200, 202, 217

Navigation, 289

Bowditch on, 187

Moon and, 91–93, 285

Regiomontanus and, 94, 96

solar wind and, 131

transits of 1761 and 1769 and, 299

Venus and, 301

Navy, Royal, 74, 294

Navy, U.S., 118, 225–226

NEAR-Shoemaker satellite, 255

Nebuchadnezzar, 84–85

Nebulae, 126, 263

Nebulium, 144–145

Neptune

Adams and, 269

energy of, 108

Le Verrier and, 269, 304, 305–306

Mercury and, 305

minor planets and, 317

moon of, 384

orbit of, 312

Planet X and, 317

Pluto and, 309, 310

rings around, 267, 269–270, 271

Uranus and, 311–312

New American Practical Navigator, The (Bowditch), 184

Newcomb, Simon, 295, 299

New English Bible, vii, 22

New moon

conjunction and, 42

Easter after, 366, 370, 375, 376, 379, 380

fertility near, 38

Islamic calendar and, 40

Metonic cycle and, 44

Sun and, 401

during Zulu Wars, 211

Newton, Sir Isaac

gravitational theory of, ix, xiv, 70, 94, 104, 109, 111–113, 119, 308

lunar theory of, 92, 93

on motion, ix, 178

on spectroscopy, 139

NewYork Times, 236

Nicaea, Council of, 365, 407

Nicene Creed, 365, 369

Nicias, 23

NOAA-14 satellite, 333

Node(s), 412

definition of, 43, 438

during 2003 eclipse, 57

lunar, 44–45, 49, 410, 414, 415, 416, 421, 424–425, 428

Moon and, 413–414

at opposition, 409

regression of, 403, 404, 405, 410

Sun and, 413

of Venus, 276

Northumbria, Northumbrians, 368, 369, 372, 377

Nuclear fusion, 5, 107, 110, 126, 127, 128, 160, 324

O

Occultation(s), 282

asteroids and, 256

definition of, 272, 438

Dionysus and, 320

lunar, 187, 245–248, 250–253, 254–260, 261, 272

by Mars, 262–263

of Neptune, 270

by planets, xiv

by Pluto, 316–317

of Saturn, 270–271

transits and, 302

by Uranus, 266, 267, 268

Octaeteris, 366

Octavian, 367

Ojibwa, 175

O’Kelly, Dennis, 2

Old Testament, 19

Olympics, 366

Oppolzer, Theodor von, 432

Opposition

apogee and, 408

definition of, 436, 438

lunar eclipse at, 401, 402, 403, 405, 430

in Metonic cycle, 416

Moon and, 42, 43, 428

nodes at, 424–425

perigee and, 409

in saronic cycle, 46, 411, 418

Orbit(s), 152–153.

See also Earth, orbit of

of asteroids, 257

of binary stars, 251, 321

of comets, 260

of Jupiter’s moons, 314

of Mercury, 111, 272, 273, 306, 308

of Moon, 68–70, 104, 273, 399–400, 402, 403, 404, 405, 410

of planets, 302, 312

of Pluto, 268, 310

radio telescopes in, 253

of satellites, 301

of stars, 124

Thales of Miletus on, 87

of Uranus, 265, 266, 267, 268

of Venus, 272, 273, 276

Oswald, king of Northumbria, 368–369

Oswin, 371

Oswy, king of Northumbria, 369–370, 371–372, 373–375

Ottoman Empire, Ottomans, 174–175

Oxford University, 21, 90, 162, 163, 166, 298

Oxygen, 126, 260

P

Palomar Observatory, 249

Paradise Lost (Milton), 24

Parallax, 289–291, 292, 300

Paris Observatory, 138, 171, 294, 304

Parkinson, John, 172

Partial eclipse(s), 48, 60.

See also partial lunar eclipse(s);

partial solar eclipse(s)

of 1805, 193

of 1900, 237

of 1963, 238

of 1964, 417

of 1981, 417

of 1983, 417

of 1997, 417

of 2000, 239, 415, 417

of 2003, 350

of 2004, 341

of 2018, 415

of 2036, 415

of 2040, 417

after totality, 339

contact points of, 428

definition of, 47

duration of, 59

eclipse grid and, 80–81

ecliptic limits and, 417

frequency of, 431

on horizon, 55, 57

penumbra and, 53

saronic cycle and, 414, 415–416, 418

speed of, 336

of 2002 to 2022, 340, 341, 342

totality and, 423–424

in twentieth century, 76, 77

viewing, 330, 331

Partial lunar eclipse(s), 426, 427, 428, 429, 432

of 1780, 176–184, 183–184

of 2005, 354

of 2006, 354

Partial solar eclipse(s), 4

ecliptic limits in, 429–430

frequency of, 429

total number of, 432

Passover, 21, 22–23, 39, 365, 366

Peloponnesian War, 23

Penda, king of Mercia, 368–369

Penumbra, 52, 53, 54, 59, 331, 336, 341, 353, 424, 425–426, 427, 429, 438

Perigee

anomalistic month and, 408

definition of, 47, 438

Moon near, 6, 7, 149, 387, 388, 403, 409, 422, 423, 426

opposition and, 408–409

precession of, 402, 404, 405

Perihelion

definition of, 45, 438

Earth near, 149, 391, 392

Mercury near, 279, 306

Pluto near, 317

precession of, 394–397, 400

solar energy and, 386, 387

Perseids, 3

Perseus, 322

Persia, Persians, 18, 85, 86, 381, 393

Peter, Saint, 370

Phelps, William Lyon, 227

Phobos, 202, 255, 256, 314

Photons, 109, 151

Photosphere, 128, 129–130

chromosphere and, 337

corona and, 133, 204

definition of, 438

spectrum of, 139, 141–142, 146

Picts, 360

Pingré, Alexandre, 294

Plague, bubonic, 373

Plane, ecliptic, 43, 273, 278, 398–399, 402, 404.

See also ecliptic

Planet(s).

See also asteroid(s);

specific planets

binary, 315, 319

formation of, 260–261

Kepler, Johann on, 274–275

magnetic fields of, 131

Moon and, 69, 245

navigation and, 285

occultations and, xiv, 266, 272, 301–305

orbit of, 68, 85, 104, 152–153, 286–287

positions of, 70

precession of perihelion and, 400

Romans and, 359

shape of, 253

solar gravitational lens and, 120

Sun and, 126, 130

transits and, 207

X, 317–319

Pliny, 17

Plutarch, 138

Pluto, 120

Algol and, 323–326

Charon and, 313–317, 319, 323–324, 384

discovery of, 309, 311–313, 326

minor planets and, 318

orbit of, 268, 310

Pluto Express, 316

Polarimeters, 204

Pollution, light, 262

Pollux, 209, 335

Poor Richard’s Almanac (Franklin), 188

Potassium, 143

Precession

definition of, 44–45, 438–439

Earth’s orbit and, 400, 401

of equinoxes, 81, 82, 403

of Mercury, 306, 308

of nodes, 403

of perigee, 403

of perihelion, 394–397

of Sun, 276

of Venus, 276

Princeton University, 200

Printing, 94

Procyon, 209, 335

Prominence(s), 8–10, 51, 128

of 664, 373

definition of, 130, 439

during 1878 eclipse, 209

ground track and, 182

monitoring of, 133

in nineteenth century, 138

rain and, 349

spectrum of, 143

during totality, 338

Protestant Church, 368

Protons, 127

Ptolemies, 29, 78, 86

Pydna, Battle of, 17, 35

Pythagoras, 29

Q

Quantum theory, 145

Quasar(s), 122, 123–124, 151, 251–252, 272

Quasi-stellar object. See quasar(s)

R

Radiative zone, 128

Radio communications, 6, 131, 252–253

Rain, 349

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 95

Records, recordkeeping, 147–149

by Babylonians, 14–16, 85, 86–87

in Bible, 19–20

by Chinese, 16, 155–156

of comet, 72

eclipse cycles from, 66, 74–78, 431

by Greeks, 16

in monasteries, 361

year length from, 28

Redshift, 251, 439

Reformation, 368

Refraction, 260, 439.

See also telescope(s)

Regiomontanus, 94, 96

Regulus, 209, 245, 346

Relativity, general theory of, x, 70, 104, 109–113, 119, 308

Rémi, Georges, 103

Retro-reflector, laser, 149, 157

Revolutionary War, 178

Rheticus, Georg Joachim, 273

Rider, Barbara, 222

Rio Grande railroad, 200

Rocky Mountain News, 202, 208, 209

Roman Catholic Church, 368, 390, 393

Roman Church, 358, 360–379, 407

Rome, Romans

Britain and, 359–361

calendar of, 16–18, 78

Easter tables from, 377, 379, 407

on eclipse etymology, 31

Greece and, 35

Mesopotamia and, 83

on Sun, 141

on total solar eclipses, 328

Western calendar and, 39

Rosh Hashanah, 39

Ross, Betsy, 180

Royal Astronomical Society, 182, 263

Royal Greenwich Observatory, 155, 166, 217, 269, 277, 304

Royal Society of London

Banks and, 287

Goodricke, John and, 322

Halley and, 89–90, 162, 166, 285

Mason and Dixon and, 294

on transit of 1761, 292

Royal Veterinary College, 2

S

Sabbath, 28, 29, 85, 365

Sabbatical, 28

Santa Fe railroad, 200

Saros, saronic cycle, 411–413, 414–422

Babylonians on, 46, 85–86, 89

definition of, 46, 439

1878 eclipse and, 199–200

1999 eclipse and, 346

2017 eclipse and, 346

Halley on, 89, 90–91, 92–93, 94, 161

Hipparchus on, 88

latitude and, 227

leap years and, 46, 393, 411

Metonic cycle and, 79

predictions from, 49–51, 66

recording of, 86–87

total solar eclipses in, 65, 433

Satellite(s).

See also specific satellites

artificial, 301

artificial eclipses and, 119, 137

Earth’s rotation rate and, 147

Galilean, 302, 303, 314

on Moon’s far side, 400

orbits of, 68

of Uranus, 266

Saturn

energy of, 108

Jupiter and, 21

Mars and, 21

Mercury and, 305

moon of, 314, 384

Neptune and, 269

rings around, 270–271

seven-day week and, 85

during total solar eclipse, 335

Uranus and, 265

Saxons, 360, 361, 363

Schiaparelli, Giovanni, 312

Science, 119

Scotti, 360

Seconds, leap, 149, 150–151, 218, 219

Seeing, 249–250, 439

Selenelion, 55, 57–59, 60

Seleucid Empire, 86

Shadow bands, 181, 335–336, 439–440

Shakerley, Jeremiah, 281

Shakers, 190, 193

Shakespeare, William, 24, 147, 247, 332

Shawnee, 189–190, 193, 195, 196, 233–234

Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 331–332

Shenandoah (airship), 226

Sherman, William, 203

Short, James, 294

Sinton, William, 58

Sirius, 71, 72, 80, 321, 335

Sodium, 140, 143

SOHO (Solar and Heliospheric Observatory) satellite, 10, 132, 133

Sol, 141

Solander, Daniel, 286, 298, 299

Solar eclipse(s), 43, 80–81, 301, 414.

See also total solar eclipse(s)

of 1533 B.C., 19

of 763 B.C., 20

of 190 B.C., 18

of A.D. 45, 68

of 807–810, 24

of 1764, 2

of 1842, 32

of 1870, 32, 135

of 1905, 32, 214

ancient cultures and, vii

in Bible, 22–23

at conjunction, 405, 418

contact points of, 95

definition of, 47

eclipse year and, 411

frequency of, 54, 131, 429–431

Hergé on, 103

occultation and, 272, 273

orbits and, 273

paths of, 49–51

predictions of, 65–66

stock market and, 226

superstition and, 26–27

total number of, 432

Twain on, 98, 100–101

types of, 47–48

Solar glare, 71, 80, 92, 113

Solar System, 121.

See also specific components of Solar System

age of, 109

binaries in, 319–325

commensurability in, 276

movement in, 246

nodes in, 403

planetary masses in, 318–319

Pluto in, 310

radiation in, 108

scale of, 285

suspension above, 396–397

transits in, 272

Uranus in, 265

Solar wind, 6

Solomon, Temple of, 20, 85

Solstice(s), 241, 396–399

blue moon and, 242

summer, 296, 350, 352, 386, 391, 392

sunrises at, 79

tides and, 41

winter, 39, 71, 359, 367, 390–391, 394–395

year length and, 79

Sothic cycle, 72, 78

Sothis. See Sirius

South, Sir James, 262–265, 266, 269, 321

Southern Cross, 320–321

Space Age, 135, 136, 147, 301

Space shuttle, 301

Space station, 301

Sparta, Spartans, 23

Spectrometer, 140, 144

Spectroscope(s), 140, 142, 200, 202

Spectroscopy, 139

Spectrum, 62–63, 139–146

of binary stars, 321

of chromosphere, 181–182

Moon and, 264

photons in, 129

rain and, 349

Sphere, 253–254

Spicules, 130, 440

St. Louis Evening Post, 197

Stars, starlight.

See also specific stars

asteroids and, 258

binary, 251, 263, 272, 320, 324, 384

in Cancer, 204, 307

Coast Guard, U.S. and, 231

color of, 129

coma and, 261

during daytime, 334

during 1806 eclipse, 192, 194

during 1878 eclipse, 209

Einstein on, x

energy of, 170–171

gravitational deviation of, 308

gravitational lenses and, 119–124

Hipparchus on, 81

latitude and, 91

Mars and, 264–265, 266, 290

Moon and, 245–252, 399

navigation and, 187

number of, 125, 126

occultation and, 272

orbits of, 68, 395

Pluto and, 316

precession of equinoxes and, 396, 398

Saturn and, 271

shooting, 3, 84

sidereal month and, 401

sidereal year and, 396

size of, 160

total solar eclipse and, 112, 113, 335

transit of 1769 and, 297

twinkling of, 118–119, 120, 249, 335

Stephenson, Richard, 155, 172

Stock market, 226

Stonehenge, 44, 399

Stopwatch, 257

Streamers, coronal, 131, 132

Sulpicius Gallus, 17

Sumeria, Sumerians, ix, 83

Summer, 65, 296, 350, 352, 386, 391, 392

Sun, 125–146.

See also transit(s);

specific types of eclipses

appearance of, 12, 129

artificial eclipse and, 120

asteroids and, 254, 308

comets and, 260–261

Earth’s distance from, 285, 286, 289–291, 298, 299–300, 387

Earth’s orbit around, 36, 239, 273, 379, 384, 401, 404

ecclesiastical, 364

energy from, 105–108, 170–171

equinoxes and, 392

glare of, x

as gravitational lens, 119

Gregorian calendar and, 407

Hebrew calendar and, 85

latitude and, 91

during lunar eclipse, 47, 424–425, 429

lunar nodes and, 44–45, 410, 428

lunar perigee and, 403

Mercury and, xii, 272, 273, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 288, 306, 308, 317, 334–335

Metonic cycle and, 417

Moon’s orbit and, 49–50, 69, 70, 327, 375, 387, 402, 409–410, 424

navigation and, 285

orbit of, 71, 432

planets around, 302

Pluto-Charon’s orbit around, 317

precession of perihelion and, 400

Romans and, 359

rotation rate of, 169

satellites and, 301

setting of, 62, 266

Sirius and, 80

size of, viii, 4, 43, 62, 126, 160, 171–172, 250, 389, 413, 414, 422–423, 424, 433

during solar eclipse, 47

at solstices, 399

speed of, 423

sunspots on, 5–6

synodic month and, 401

tides and, 40

transits and, 207

Uranus and, 266, 267–268

Venus and, 167, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277–278, 282, 283, 287, 334

Sunspots, 5, 6, 129–130, 138, 167, 169, 306, 440

Superstition, 25–27

Syracuse, Battle of, 23

Syzygy, 42, 401, 402, 411, 440

T

Taming of the Shrew, The (Shakespeare), 247, 332

Tasimeter, 205, 206

Taurus, 113, 245

Tecumseh, 189–190, 191, 192–195

Telescope(s), 32, 34.

See also Hubble Space Telescope

asteroids from, 254, 255, 258, 259

Bevis, John and, 304

binary stars from, 320, 321, 324

comets from, 260, 262, 263

Cook, James and, 286

for 1780 eclipse, 178, 179, 182

for 1878 eclipse, 197, 200, 205

1869 eclipse from, 144

filter for, 328–329

first use of, 169

of Horrocks, Jeremiah, 275

Jupiter from, 92

of Lassell, William, 269

limitations of, 120, 249–250, 252–253

limited technology of, 171–172

Mars from, 264

Mercury from, 280–281

of Mitchell, Maria, 231–233

Moon’s distance from Earth and, 150

Pluto-Charon from, 313, 315–316

radio, 119, 147, 252–253

of South, Sir James, 262–264, 266

stability of, 114

stars from, x, 246, 247, 334

transit of 1769 and, 298

Uranus from, 265

Venus from, 274

Tenskwatawa, 190–195.

See also Lauliwasikau

Thales of Miletus, 87, 88, 381–382

Thames, Battle of the, 190

Theodore of Tarsus, 370

Thisbe (asteroid), 259

Tides, 40–41, 151, 152–153, 155–158, 219

Timekeeping, 28, 151–152, 165.

See also specific timekeeping devices

Times (London), 328

Tippecanoe, Battle of, 194–195

Titan, 314, 384

Titanium, 142

TNOs (trans-Neptunian objects), 310–311

Tombaugh, Clyde, 311, 319

Torrio, Little Johnny “The Brain,” 221

Total eclipse(s), 48.

See also total lunar eclipse(s);

total solar eclipse(s)

of 1927, viii

of 1962, 417

of 2090, viii

corona during, 130

definition of, 47

frequency of, 431

Metonic cycle of, 417

prominences and, 130

in saronic cycle, 418

Totality, 4, 14, 53, 59, 60–61, 333, 336–337, 339, 352, 421–422.

See also specific types of eclipses

duration of, 423–424

hybrid eclipses and, 433

quality of, 181

quantity of, 181

Total lunar eclipse(s), 61–64, 264, 352–353, 428, 432

of 1713 B.C., 57

of 1504, 96–98, 99, 176, 277

of 1584, 95

of 1590, 57

of 1666, 57, 58

of 1917, 175

of 1975, 57

of 1981, 57

of 1982, 417, 419

of 1986, 419

of 2001, 26–27, 58–59, 356

of 2003, 55, 56, 57, 351, 352, 353, 355

of 2004, 353, 355

of 2007, 354, 355

of 2008, 354

of 2010, 354

of 2011, 354

of 2014, 354

frequency of, 13

Total solar eclipse(s), 3–4, 7–11, 52–54, 187–188, 325–347, 387–388, 420–421, 427–428

of 1131 B.C., 19–20, 239

of 648 B.C., 1

of 585 B.C., 87–88, 381–382

of 336 B.C., 239

of 181 B.C., 155, 156

of A.D. 29, 22–23

of 418, 308

of 664, 356–357, 362, 372–376, 377–380

of 840, 24

of 878, 163

of 991, 416

of 1079, 237

of 1140, 163, 239

of 1185, 332–333

of 1349, 236

of 1478, 237

of 1639, 415

of 1715, viii, 163, 164, 171, 172, 173, 175–176, 217, 239, 276, 285

of 1724, viii, 168, 172–173, 176, 276

of 1806, 184–185, 188, 192–194, 196, 199

of 1836, 180

of 1851, 230, 338

of 1860, 32, 199, 338

of 1868, 142–143

of 1869, 144, 199, 230, 233

of 1878, 196–197, 199–209, 217, 230, 236, 244

of 1882, 307

of 1889, 213, 244

of 1900, 32, 33, 213–215, 240

of 1901, 421

of 1918, 115–116, 214, 216

of 1919, 111–114, 116, 117–119, 136,

of 1925, 213, 216, 217, 220–228, 236,

of 1932, 227, 237–238

of 1948, 308

of 1961, xiii, 417

of 1970, 238

of 1972, 238

of 1979, 227, 228, 345

of 1980, xiii

of 1981, 46, 422

of 1991, 50, 421

of 1999, vii, xii, xiii, 32, 46, 53, 235, 346, 415, 417, 422

of 2001, 27, 235, 342, 356, 416

of 2002, 235, 341, 342–343, 346, 347, 411, 417

of 2003, 341, 343, 347

of 2005, 343, 345

of 2006, 32, 235, 343–344, 347

of 2008, 344, 347

of 2009, 51, 344, 347

of 2010, 344, 347

of 2012, 344–345, 347

of 2013, 239, 345

of 2015, 345, 347

of 2016, 345, 347

of 2017, vii, 46, 219, 235, 243–244, 345–346, 347, 348, 349, 351, 416, 422

of 2018, xiii

of 2019, 346, 347

of 2020, 346, 347

of 2021, 346–347, 417

of 2024, 235, 347–349

of 2027, 51

of 2033, 349

of 2044, 349

of 2045, 235, 349

of 2052, 235, 240

of 2071, 240

of 2078, 240

of 2079, 236–237

of 2150, 421

of 2452, 416

of 3009, 416

at conjunction, 401, 402

distribution of, 64–65, 432

duration of, 59, 60

Earth’s orbit and, 389

ecliptic limits and, 414–415

Fraunhofer spectrum of, 142

frequency of, viii, xi–xii, 14, 31, 32, 229–230, 243

in Nantucket, 229, 230–239

perigee and, 404

repeating, 421–423

starlight during, x

Sun’s brightness during, 61, 64

of 2002 to 2022, 339–343

in twentieth century, 75, 76

until 2050, 347, 348

viewing, 266–267

Vulcan and, 307

TRACE (Transition Region and Coronal Explorer), 280

Transit(s), xiv, 273–309

of 1761, 292–296

of 1769, 295–299

of 1874, 300

of 1882, 300, 301

asteroids in, 254–255

definition of, 207, 440

occultations and, 302

timing of, ix

of Venus, 167, 177, 282–283

Tremayne, Peter, 357, 358

Triskadekaphobia, 16

Triton, 269, 384

Turkey, Turks, 174–175

Twain, Mark, 98, 176

U

Ulysses (Joyce), 185

Umbra, 52–53, 60, 61, 336, 341, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 432, 440

Union Pacific railroad, 200, 206

Uranus

energy of, 108

Herschel and, 138, 262, 265, 305

Neptune and, 311–312

occultation of, 270

Planet X and, 317

Pluto and, 309

rings around, 265–267, 268

Voyager 2 and, 318

Ussher, James, 106

USS Los Angeles (airship), 225

UT (Universal Time), 277, 351–352, 440

V

Vassar College, 196, 230, 233

Venus, 134

during daytime, 334

during 1806 eclipse, 194

during 1878 eclipse, 209

Jupiter and, 305

Mars and, 305

mass of, 314–315

Mercury and, 304–305

orbit of, 272

seven-day week and, 85

transits of, 167, 177, 207, 273–278, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287–288, 289–305

Victoria, queen of United Kingdom, 265

Vitalian, Pope, 374–375

Volcanoes, 106–107, 253

Voyager spacecraft, 266, 267, 270, 271, 318

Vulcan, 207–208, 307, 317

W

Waddington, Graeme, 21, 22

War of the Worlds (Wells), 264

Washington, George, 173

Washington University, 197

Watch, wrist, 92

Week, seven-day, 28, 85, 367

Wells, H.G., 264

Western Roman Empire, 360.

See also Rome, Romans

Whitby, Synod of, 356–357, 370–373, 374, 375, 377, 379–380

White, Mary Avery, 174

Wilfrid, Saint, 369, 370, 377–380

Williams, Samuel, 178–179, 180, 182

Wimbledon, 107

Wind, solar, 131

Winter, 39, 65, 71, 359, 367, 390–391, 394–395

Winthrop, John, 177–178

Wooley, Richard, xv

Wordsworth, William, 327

World War I, 113, 175

World War II, 297

Wright, Thomas, 179

Y

Yale University, 69, 185, 223, 227

Year(s).

See also leap year

anomalistic, 395–396

calendar, xiii, 415, 429, 430–431

eclipse, 44–45, 410–412, 415, 416–417, 418, 429, 437

length of, 28, 39, 41, 68, 71–72, 78–80, 81–83, 103, 163, 389– 394, 407, 411

mean tropical, 82, 392, 406–407

sidereal, 82, 396, 399, 429

solar, xii–xiii, 16, 39, 40, 44, 66, 72, 408, 410, 415, 418, 419, 420

Yeats,William Butler, 77

Z

Zenith, 91, 440

Zeus, 1

Zulu (film), 210

Zulu Wars, 210–212