CHAPTER 30
Index

Abbreviations

in Messages, 22-7, 22-8, 22-9

in Pavement Markings, 23-5

Accessible Pedestrian Signals (APS), 11-8, 11-9

AMBER Alert, 22-2

Apparent Radius, 6-4, 6-5

Approach Sight Triangles, 5-6, 5-7

Arrow Panels, 18-4, 18-5

Arrow-per-lane (APL) Signs, 13-10, 13-11

Behavioral Framework for Speeding, 14-2

Bicycles/Bicyclists, 4-1, 5-15, 12-9, 12-10, 14-6, 17-6, 17-7, 23-6, 23-7, 23-10, 23-11, 25-1, 27-13

Contraflow Lanes, 25-10

Lanes, 25-6

Markings for, 25-4

Separated Lanes, 25-8

Shared Use Lanes, 25-12, 25-14

Signal Timing, 25-2

Bilingual Information, 22-14, 22-15

Blank-out/Blanking, 11-4, 11-5, 22-3, 22-10, 22-11, 22-13, 27-44, 27-45

Bulbout, 15-2, 15-3, 24-4

Bus Stops, 15-10, 15-12

Changeable/Variable Message Sign or CMS/VMS, 3-4, 4-4, 11-5, 22-1

for Work Zones, 18-6, 26-8

Message Length, 18-8, 18-9, 22-3, 22-6, 22-7, 22-9, 22-15, 27-42

Phases, 22-6, 22-10

Speed Limits, 14-14, 18-10, 18-11

Characteristics of Effective Lighting at Intersections, 20-12

Characteristics of Lighting that Enhance Pedestrian Visibility, 20-10

Clearance Interval, 11-6, 14-15, 14-16, 27-37

Crosswalk, 11-8, 11-9

Clearing Distance, 11-7

Closed-Loop Compensatory Component, 6-8, 6-9

Complexity of Sign Information, 21-10

Complete Streets, see also Safe System Approach, 16-1

Complete Streets Assessment, 16-8

Context Sensitive Solutions, 16-4, 16-10

Design Speed 16-7, 16-11

Design Vehicle, 16-7, 16-11

Evaluation Measures 16-2, 16-3, 16-8 thru 16-10

Key References, 16-10

Multimodal Network, 16-2 thru 16-7, 16-9 thru 16-11

Overview and Heuristics, 16-2

Road Diets, 16-6, 16-7, 16-10

Selecting Complete Streets Implementations, 16-6, 16-7

Self-enforcing Roadways, 16-7

Similar Initiatives, 16-4

Composing a Message to Maximize Comprehension, 22-8

Conspicuity, 3-9, 21-6, 21-7, 26-2, 26-9, 26-16 thru 26-19

Conspicuity of Diamond Warning Signs under Nighttime Conditions, 21-6

Construction and Work Zones (Chapter 18), 18-1

Older Driver Considerations for Work Zones-Signs, 26-8

Older Driver Considerations for Work Zones-Markings and Channelization, 26-10

Counterbeam Lighting, 20-7

Countermeasures, 1-2

Countermeasures for Improving Accessibility for Vision-Impaired Pedestrians at Signalized Intersections, 11-8

Countermeasures for Improving Accessibility for Visually Impaired Pedestrians at Roundabouts, 12-6

Countermeasures for Improving Pedestrian Conspicuity at Crosswalks, 20-8

Countermeasures for Improving Steering and Vehicle Control Through Curves, 6-8

Countermeasures for Mitigating Headlamp Glare, 20-2

Countermeasures for Pavement/Shoulder Drop-offs, 17-4

Countermeasures to Increase Pavement Delineation, 6-10

Countermeasures to Reduce Gate-Rushing at Crossings with Two-Quadrant Gates, 19-10

Engineering Countermeasures to Reduce Red Light Running, 11-2

Proven Countermeasures, 16-6, 16-11

Speeding Countermeasures: Communicating Appropriate Speed Limits, 14-14

Speeding Countermeasures: Setting Appropriate Speed Limits, 14-12

Speeding Countermeasures: Using Roadway Design and Traffic Control Elements to Address Speeding Problems, 14-16

Crash Modification Factors, 16-3, 16-11, 24-18, 24-19

Cross Section, 3-3, 3-5, 4-1, 5-12, 14-7

Cross Slope, 5-12, 6-5

Crossbuck, 19-4, 19-5, 19-12, 19-13

Crosswalks, 5-5, 10-11, 23-6, 23-7, 23-11, 26-2, 26-5, 26-14, 26-17 thru 26-19

Curve Advisory Speed Limits, 6-6

Curves, 3-7, 3-8, 5-5, 5-13, 5-16, 6-2 thru 6-7, 6-9, 6-12, 14-5, 14-7, 14-14, 14-15, 17-9, 18-4, 23-3, 23-8, 23-9

Advisory Speed Limits, 6-6

Countermeasures for Improving Steering and Vehicle Control Through Curves, 6-8

Curves (Horizontal Alignment) (Chapter 6), 6-1

Detailed Task Analysis of Curve Driving (Tutorial 3), 27-34

Delineators, 23-8, 23-9

Drop-off, 17-5

Entry/Approach, 6-2 thru 6-5, 6-9, 6-11, 6-12

Horizontal, 14-5, 14-7, 14-12, 17-9, 23-3 thru 23-5, 23-9, 27-35, 27-44

Crest, 6-5, 23-5

Sag, 6-3 thru 6-5

Older Driver Considerations for Curves and Merging Behavior, 26-6

Vertical, 3-6, 5-5, 5-12, 5-16, 6-5, 6-7, 18-4, 27-43

Crest, 3-3, 3-6, 5-5, 6-5, 23-5, 27-15

Sag, 6-4, 6-5

Daytime Lighting Requirements for Tunnel Entrance Lighting, 20-6

Decibel (dB or dBA) Level, 17-6, 17-7

Departure Sight Triangles, 5-7

Design Considerations for Turnouts on Grades, 7-2

Design Consistency, 6-2, 6-3, 6-5 thru 6-9, 14-15, 17-8, 17-9

Design Consistency in Rural Driving, 17-8

Determining Appropriate Message Length, 22-6

Determining Intersection Sight Distance, 5-6

Determining Passing Sight Distance, 5-10

Determining Stopping Sight Distance, 5-4

Determining When to Use Decision Sight Distance, 5-8

Determining Work Zone Speed Limits, 18-10

Dilemma Zone, 11-6, 11-7, 19-6, 19-9

Displaying Messages with Dynamic Characteristics, 22-10

Distracted/Drowsy/Fatigued/Inattentive Driver, 6-11, 11-7, 14-3, 17-6, 17-7, 21-5, 23-3, 27-7

Driver Behavioral Trends Based on Exit Ramp Geometry, 13-12

Driving Restrictions, 11-5

Driver Comprehension of Signs, 21-8

Driver Expectations at Freeway Lane Drops and Lane Reductions, 13-6

Driver Fatigue, 8-4, 8-5

Driver Information Needs at Complex Interchanges, 13-8

Driver Information Needs at Passive Rail-Highway Grade Crossings, 19-4

Drop-off

Lane, 17-3, 23-4, 23-5

Pavement/Shoulder, 17-4, 17-5

Dynamic Characteristics/Text, 22-4, 22-5, 22-10, 22-11, 27-44

Dynamic Message Sign or DMS, see Changeable Message Signs

Edge Line, 6-8 thru 6-11, 6-13, 23-3, 26-2, 26-4, 26-6, 26-11, 26-18, 26-19

Effectiveness of Symbolic Markings, 23-4

Effects of Posted Speed Limits on Speed Decisions, 14-8

Effects of Roadway Factors on Speed, 14-6

Engineering Countermeasures to Reduce Red Light Running, 11-2

Factors Affecting Acceptable Gap, 10-4

Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS), 6-7, 11-3

Four-Quadrant Gate Timing at Rail-Highway Grade Crossings, 19-8

Foveal Vision, 23-3, 23-5

Free-flow Speed, 14-6 thru 14-10

Gap, 3-2, 3-4, 5-6, 5-7, 5-11, 5-18, 6-6, 6-10, 6-11, 10-4, 10-5, 10-10, 10-11, 14-5, 14-15, 21-3, 26-7, 26-13 thru 26-15, 26-19, 27-40

Acceptable Gap Distance, 10-2, 10-3

Critical Gap, 10-3, 10-4

Factors Affecting Acceptable Gap, 10-4

Rumble Strip Marking, 17-6, 17-7

General Principles for Sign Legends, 21-2

Geometric and Signing Considerations to Support Effective Use of Truck Escape Ramps, 7-4

Glare, 3-3, 3-4, 5-3, 5-4, 10-4, 10-5, 20-2 thru 20-4, 20-6, 20-7, 20-10 thru 20-13, 21-5, 27-6, 23-2, 23-3

Grades (Vertical Alignment)(Chapter 7), 7-1

Haptic or Tactile Alert/Cue, 6-11, 11-8, 11-9, 14-4, 17-6, 17-7, 17-9

HAWK Signals, 15-2

Hazard/Hazardous Event or Object, 3-5, 3-6, 5-2 thru 5-5, 5-13, 5-16, 6-3, 10-4, 10-11, 14-15, 17-7, 21-3, 21-8, 21-9, 22-12, 22-13, 27-4 thru 27-7, 27-9, 27-11 thru 27-33

Heavy Truck(s), 1-2, 3-1, 6-13, 11-4, 14-10, 14-11, 17-6, 17-7

Heuristics for Selecting the Yellow Timing Interval, 11-6

Highway Systems, 3-1

Human Factors Considerations in Traffic Control Device Selection at Rail-Highway Grade Crossings, 19-12

Influence of Speed on Sight Distance, 5-12

Information Units, 21-10, 21-11, 22-3, 22-6, 22-7, 22-9 thru 22-11, 27-43 thru 27-46

Interchanges (Chapter 13), 13-1, 26-2 thru 26-4, 26-6, 26-7, 26-19

Key Components of Sight Distance, 5-2

Key References for Sight Distance Information, 5-14

Legibility Distance, 18-9 thru 18-11, 21-3, 21-5, 22-3 thru 22-5, 22-7, 26-6, 26-8, 27-20, 27-22, 27-23, 27-25, 27-28 thru 27-33, 27-40 thru 27-43

Legibility Index, 18-10, 21-3, 21-4, 27-31, 27-40

Lighting (Chapter 20), 20-1, 26-4

Looming, 10-3, 22-10, 22-11

Luminous Intensity, 18-4, 23-2

Lux, 23-2, 23-3

Maneuver Time (MT), 5-2 thru 5-5, 5-8, 5-9, 5-11, 5-14 thru 5-16, 5-18, 27-2, 27-3, 27-6, 27-7, 27-9, 27-22, 27-23, 27-29, 27-30, 27-31

Markings (Chapter 23), 23-1

Effectiveness of Symbolic Markings, 23-4

Lane/Pavement/Roadway, 5-8, 5-9, 6-2, 6-3, 6-10, 6-11, 11-4, 17-2, 17-3, 17-7, 17-8, 14-4, 14-13, 23-2 thru 23-5, 23-7, 23-11, 27-12, 27-23, 27-35

Markings for Older Road Users, 26-4, 26-10, 26-18

Markings for Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety, 23-6

Markings for Roundabouts, 23-10

Post-Mounted Delineators, 23-8

Raised, 6-2, 6-3, 6-10, 6-11, 6-13

Visibility of Lane Markings, 23-2

Mean Deceleration Level, 5-4

Mental Models, 17-9

Merging Behavior, 26-6

Methods to Reduce Driver Speeds in School Zones, 15-6

Methods to Increase Compliance at Uncontrolled Crosswalks, 15-4

Methods to Increase Driver Yielding at Uncontrolled Crosswalks, 15-2

Most Meaningful Information or MMI, 3-4, 3-5, 3-8, 3-10, 4-2

Night

Arrow Panel Specifications, 18-4, 18-5

Legibility/Visibility, 21-4 thru 21-7, 22-4, 22-5, 23-3, 23-5, 23-7, 27-42, 27-43

Markings, 23-8, 23-9

Nighttime Driving, 20-4, 20-5, 20-9

Perception-Reaction Time or PRT, 5-3, 5-11

Speed, 14-4, 14-5, 14-15, 23-5

Vertical Crests, 3-3

Visibility, 13-5, 20-13

Non-Signalized Intersections (Chapter 10), 10-1

Older Drivers (also Older Road Users), 1-3, 5-3, 26-2 thru 26-19

Perception-Reaction Time or PRT, 5-5

Sight Distance, 5-9, 5-11, 5-14, 5-15, 10-6 thru 10-9

Gap Acceptance, 10-3 thru 10-5

Signs, 14-13, 18-10, 21-4, 21-7, 22-5, 27-41

Older Driver Crash Risk, Crash Causation Factors, and Fitness to Drive, 26-2

Open-Loop Anticipatory Control Process, 6-8, 6-9

Optic Flow, 14-4, 14-5

Overview of Driver Alertness on Long Tangent Sections, 8-4

Overview of Work Zone Crashes, 18-2

Passing Lanes, 17-2

Pedestrians, 1-2, 3-1, 3-5, 4-2, 4-4, 5-14, 5-15, 10-4, 24-1, 26-2, 26-3, 26-5, 26-7, 26-12, 26-13, 26-15, 26-17, 27-6, 27-13

Countermeasures for Improving Accessibility for Vision-Impaired Pedestrians at Roundabouts, 12-6

Driving Speed, 14-6, 14-7, 14-11, 14-13

Improving Crosswalk Visibility and Conspicuity, 24-8, 24-10

Markings, 23-10, 23-11

Markings for Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety, 23-6

Older Pedestrians, 24-14, 26-3, 26-9, 26-11, 26-14, 26-19

Rail Crossing Safety, 24-16

Restricting Right Turns on Red to Address Pedestrian Safety, 11-4

Sight Distance, 5-5, 5-12, 5-13

Speed Calming Countermeasures, 24-6

Vision-Impaired, 10-10, 10-11, 11-4, 11-5, 11-8, 11-9

Yellow Timing Interval, 11-6

Perception-Reaction Time or PRT, 3-5, 5-2 thru 5-5, 5-8, 5-9, 5-11, 5-12, 5-14, 5-15, 11-6, 27-2 thru 27-4, 27-6, 27-7, 27-9, 27-11, 27-18, 27-22, 27-23, 27-29 thru 27-33

Perceptual and Physical Elements to Support Rural-Urban Transitions, 9-2

Point of Expansion, 14-5

Posted Speed, 14-3, 14-4, 14-6, 14-7, 14-10 thru 14-13, 21-8, 27-35

Driver Compliance, 14-6, 14-8, 14-9, 14-11, 18-11, 22-3

Effects of Posted Speed Limits on Speed Decisions, 14-8

Post-Mounted Delineators or PMDs, 6-11, 23-8, 26-19

Presentation of Bilingual Information, 22-14

Presentation to Maximize Visibility and Legibility, 22-4

Preview Sight Distance and Grade Perception at Vertical Curves, 7-6

Preview Sight Distance or PVSD, 7-6

Procedures to Ensure Proper Arrow Panel Visibility, 18-4

Rail-Highway Grade Crossings (Chapter 19), 19-1

Four-Quadrant Gates, 19-6, 19-8 thru 19-11

Gate-rushing, 19-3, 19-9 thru 19-11, 19-13

Two-Quadrant Gates, 19-6, 19-9 thru 19-11

Red Light Running, 11-6, 14-5

Engineering Countermeasures to Reduce Red Light Running, 11-2

Reducing Wrong-Way Entries onto Freeway Exit Ramps, 13-4

References (Chapter 28), 28-1

Restricting Right Turns on Red to Address Pedestrian Safety, 11-4

Retroreflectivity, 6-10, 6-11, 6-13, 18-10, 18-11, 21-4, 21-6, 23-2, 23-3, 23-8, 23-11

Right Turn(s) on Red, 11-4

Restricting Right Turns on Red to Address Pedestrian Safety, 11-4

Roundabout Intersections, 5-18, 12-1

Countermeasures for Improving Accessibility for Visually Impaired Pedestrians at Roundabouts, 12-6

Guide Signing at Roundabouts, 12-10

Lighting at Roundabouts, 12-12

Markings for Roundabouts, 23-10

Older Driver Considerations for Intersections-Roundabouts, 26-14

Route Markers, 17-8, 23-5

Rumble Strips, 6-10, 6-11, 14-12, 14-13, 17-6

Safety Edge, 17-5

Safe System Approach, see also Complete Streets, 16-4 thru 16-10

Crash Likelihood, 16-8, 16-9

Crash Severity, 16-6 thru 16-9

Kinetic Energy Transfer, 16-4 thru 16-7

Road User Exposure, 16-3, 16-7 thru 16-9

Safe System Assessment Framework, 16-8, 16-9

Safe System Design Hierarchy, 16-5 thru 16-7

Safe System Matrix, 16-8, 16-9

Self-Explaining Roads, see also Self-enforcing Roadways, 3-4, 3-9, 16-7

Serial Processing, 27-5, 27-32

Shared-Use Lanes, 23-6, 23-7, 23-11, 25-12

Sharrows, 23-7, 25-12

Shoulder/Roadway Shoulder, 6-9, 14-13, 17-4, 17-6, 17-7, 17-6, 23-3, 23-6

Sight Distance or SD, 14-14, 14-15, 17-8, 22-7, 23-7, 26-6, 26-12, 26-16

Horizontal Curves, 6-6

Decision Sight Distance or DSD, 5-8, 5-9, 5-12, 5-14, 5-16, 5-18, 27-2, 27-9, 27-11, 27-13, 27-15, 27-16, 27-21 thru 27-29

Intersection Sight Distance or ISD, 3-5, 5-6, 5-7, 5-12, 5-14, 5-18, 10-2, 10-3, 10-7, 27-9, 27-11, 27-17, 27-22, 27-23, 27-30

Key Components of Sight Distance, 5-2

Key References for Sight Distance Information, 5-14

Passing Sight Distance or PSD, 5-10 thru 5-12, 5-14, 5-16, 27-9, 27-11, 27-17, 27-22, 27-24

Sight Distance Considerations for Urban Bus Stop Locations, 15-10

Sight Distance (Chapter 5), 5-1

Sight Distance at Left-Skewed Intersections, 10-8

Sight Distance at Right-Skewed Intersections, 10-10

Stopping Sight Distance or SSD, 5-4 thru 5-6, 5-8, 5-12, 5-14, 5-16, 5-18, 6-6, 27-9, 27-11, 27-13, 27-16, 27-17, 27-21, 27-23, 27-29, 27-30

Where to Find Sight Distance Information for Intersections, 5-18

Where to Find Sight Distance Information for Specific Roadway Features, 5-16

Sign(s), 27-36

Comprehension, 21-8, 27-20, 27-23, 27-23, 27-28 thru 27-33

Complexity, 5-3, 11-9, 18-11, 27-20

Sign Design to Improve Legibility, 21-4

Presentation to Maximize Visibility and Legibility, 22-4

Older Driver Considerations for Markings, Signs, and Lighting, 26-4

Older Driver Considerations for Intersections-Signs, 26-16

Sign Legibility, 18-10, 21-4, 21-5, 21-8, 21-9, 22-3, 22-4, 22-5, 22-7, 22-15

Index, 18-10, 21-3, 27-31, 27-32

Distance, 18-9 thru 18-11, 21-3, 21-5, 22-3 thru 22-5, 22-7, 27-20, 27-22, 27-23, 27-25, 27-28 thru 27-33, 27-40 thru 27-43

Signage and Markings for High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Lanes, 15-8

Signalized Intersections (Chapter 11), 11-1

Older Driver Considerations for Intersections-Left Turns, 26-12

Older Driver Considerations for Intersections-Pavement Markings and Signals, 26-18

Signing (Chapter 21), 21-1

Signs on Horizontal Curves, 6-12

Special Considerations for Rural Environments (Chapter 17), 17-1

Special Considerations for Urban Environments (Chapter 15), 15-1

Speed Limits, 3-3, 3-5, 5-13, 6-6

Differential, 14-10, 14-11

Work Zone, 14-12, 14-13, 18-12, 18-11, 22-12, 22-13

Speed Perception and Driving Speed, 14-4

Speed Perception, Speed Choice, and Speed Control (Chapter 14), 14-1

Speed Selection, 3-5, 5-3, 6-3 thru 6-7, 14-2, 27-4, 27-13, 27-35

Speed Selection on Horizontal Curves, 6-6

Speeding Countermeasures: Communicating Appropriate Speed Limits, 14-14

Speeding Countermeasures: Setting Appropriate Speed Limits, 14-12

Speeding Countermeasures: Using Roadway Design and Traffic Control Elements to Address Speeding Problems, 14-16

Tactile or Haptic Alert/Cue, 6-11, 11-8, 11-9, 14-4, 17-6, 17-7, 17-9

Tangent Sections and Roadside (Cross Section) (Chapter 8), 8-1

Task Analysis, 6-2, 6-3, 11-7, 27-35, 27-36

Curve Driving, 6-2

Driver Merging Behavior at Freeway Entrance Ramps, 13-2

Lane Changes on Tangent Sections, 8-2

Rail-Highway Grade Crossings, 19-2

The Influence of Perceptual Factors on Curve Driving, 6-4

Timing of Active Traffic Control Devices at Rail-Highway Grade Crossings, 19-6

Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990, 10-10, 11-8

Trade-offs, 1-2, 2-3, 21-3, 22-5, 27-7, 27-44, 27-46

Traffic Control Devices, 1-2, 2-1, 3-5, 5-6, 5-15, 14-7, 14-11, 14-12, 14-15, 18-6, 18-9, 18-11, 23-7, 27-7, 27-9, 27-11 thru 27-16, 27-18, 27-19, 27-20, 27-22 thru 27-30